Chapter 4, Problem 4.12P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis electron-dot formula for ${\text{B}}^{\text{3+}}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Electrons that are present in the outermost shell or valence shell are known as valence electron.  Lewis electron-dot formula is the representation of atom by considering the valence electrons alone.  The symbol of the element is written and the valence electrons are placed as dots around the element symbol.  In case of ion, the total number of valence electrons is entered as electron dots with a square bracket around the chemical symbol of the element and the charge over the bracket.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis electron-dot formula for ${\text{N}}^{\text{3-}}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis electron-dot formula for ${\text{F}}^{-}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis electron-dot formula for ${\text{O}}^{2-}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis electron-dot formula for ${\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}$ has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).