EBK AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY: A SYSTEMS AP
EBK AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY: A SYSTEMS AP
6th Edition
ISBN: 8220100474392
Author: ERJAVEC
Publisher: Cengage Learning US
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Chapter 4, Problem 1RQ
To determine

The CAFÉ standards under which vehicles are tested.

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Explanation of Solution

CAFÉ stands for Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards. These were established in 1975 to build more fuel-efficient vehicles to increase the overall fuel efficiency of the vehicles. Under the CAFÉ standards, different models from different manufacturers of vehicles are tested for the number of miles they can be driven on a gallon of gas. Then the fuel efficiencies of these vehicles are averaged together. If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer falls below the usual requirement, then the manufacturer has to cover CAFÉ credits or may have to pay a penalty. For this the car makers have replaced many parts of the engine with new technology and techniques to attain higher fuel efficiency in addition to get increased power output. They replaced many manually operated systems with automatic or electronic system to get more fuel efficient vehicles and also get less emission from burning of fuel.

According to estimation, due to CAFÉ standards, the fuel economy will increase nearly to 54.5 mpg between the years 2017 and 2025.

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13.38 Consider the attic of a home located in a hot climate. The floor of the attic is characterized by a width of L₁ = 8 m while the roof makes an angle of 0 = 30° from the horizontal direction, as shown in the schematic. The homeowner wishes to reduce the heat load to the home by adhering bright aluminum foil (ε = 0.07) onto the surfaces of the attic space. Prior to installation of the foil, the surfaces are of emissivity & = 0.90. Attic A2, 82, T2 0 = 30° A1, E1, T₁ 土 L₁ = 8 m (a) Consider installation on the bottom of the attic roof only. Determine the ratio of the radiation heat transfer after to before the installation of the foil. (b) Determine the ratio of the radiation heat transfer after to before installation if the foil is installed only on the top of the attic floor. (c) Determine the ratio of the radiation heat transfer if the foil is installed on both the roof bottom and the floor top.
13.1 Determine F2 and F2 for the following configura- tions using the reciprocity theorem and other basic shape factor relations. Do not use tables or charts. (a) Small sphere of area A, under a concentric hemi- sphere of area A₂ = 3A₁ A₂ A1 (a) (b) Long duct. Also, what is F₁₂? A₂ Αν (b) (c) Long inclined plates (point B is directly above the center of A₁) B 100 mm A₂ - 220 mm (c) (d) Long cylinder lying on infinite plane + A₁ Az (d) (e) Hemisphere-disk arrangement -A₂, hemisphere, diameter D A₂ A₁, disk, diameter D/2 (e) (f) Long, open channel 1 m AA₂ 2 m (f) (g) Long cylinders with A₁ = 4A₁. Also, what is F₁₂? -D₁ A1 -A₂ -D2 (e) (h) Long, square rod in a long cylinder. Also, what is F22? w=D/5 18 A₁ -A2 (h) -D
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