The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Test Preparation QUESTION 2 [20] 2.1 Body Mass Index (BMI) is a summary measure of relative health. It is calculated by dividing an individual's weight (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in meters). A small sample was drawn from the population of UWC students to determine the effect of exercise on BMI score. Given the following table, find the constant and slope parameters of the sample regression function of BMI = f(Weekly exercise hours). Interpret the two estimated parameter values. X (Weekly exercise hours) Y (Body-Mass index) QUESTION 3 2 4 6 8 10 12 41 38 33 27 23 19 Derek investigates the relationship between the days (per year) absent from work (ABSENT) and the number of years taken for the worker to be promoted (PROMOTION). He interviewed a sample of 22 employees in Cape Town to obtain information on ABSENT (X) and PROMOTION (Y), and derived the following: ΣΧ ΣΥ 341 ΣΧΥ 176 ΣΧ 1187 1012 3.1 By using the OLS method, prove that the constant and slope parameters of the…

QUESTION 2 2.1 [30] Mariana, a researcher at the World Health Organisation (WHO), collects information on weekly study hours (HOURS) and blood pressure level when writing a test (BLOOD) from a sample of university students across the country, before running the regression BLOOD = f(STUDY). She collects data from 5 students as listed below: X (STUDY) 2 Y (BLOOD) 4 6 8 10 141 138 133 127 123 2.1.1 By using the OLS method and the information above derive the values for parameters B1 and B2. 2.1.2 Derive the RSS (sum of squares for the residuals). 2.1.3 Hence, calculate ô 2.2 2.3 (6) (3) Further, she replicates her study and collects data from 122 students from a rival university. She derives the residuals followed by computing skewness (S) equals -1.25 and kurtosis (K) equals 8.25 for the rival university data. Conduct the Jacque-Bera test of normality at a = 0.05. (5) Upon tasked with deriving estimates of ẞ1, B2, 82 and the standard errors (SE) of ẞ1 and B₂ for the replicated data.…

If you were put in charge of ensuring that the mining industry in canada becomes more sustainable over the course of the next decade (2025-2035), how would you approach this? Come up with (at least) one resolution for each of the 4 major types of conflict: social, environmental, economic, and political

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP

(a)

To determine

The dominant alternatives from the given treatments and the reason for them being dominant.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The dominant treatment option for heart diseases is option F. Although it is the most costly option, it has the highest QALY value as well. Heart disease is something that could be considered will put an individual between life and death. Hence, having to spend more for a longer period of life would be worthwhile. Furthermore, option K could be considered dominant out of various cancer treatments. The cost of the treatment when compared with the QALY value seems reasonable. Due to the nature of the disease, a period of nine years at the respective cost could be considered worthwhile. Option R could be named as dominant under the infectious disease category. As the diseases are infectious spending a higher amount which also has a higher QALY value could be considered prudent.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The table shows the costs that must be borne in relation to various types of treatment for three selected diseases. Together with the costs the QALY figures are also given for each treatment option. A QALY or quality adjusted life year is a measure that takes into account the life expectancy in years together with an element of the quality of life, which is often not considered. The QALY measure ranges from zero which is equal to death to one which is considered perfect health.

Answer 13

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

Answer 14

(b)

To determine

The incremental costs, QALY’s and incremental cost effectiveness ratios for the most prudent treatment options.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The incremental cost of option C under heart disease is the most rational choice. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of it being 25 suggests that a patient would live another 33.3 years. This option seems more realistic as well as economically rational. Under the category of cancer, option H is the most rationale. A patient in this category could live another 25 years at an incremental cost of 200. Option O, the most rational choice under infectious diseases provides a patient with another 50 years to live at an incremental cost of 100.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio is instrumental in providing a systematic means in obtaining certain health standards pertaining to an entire population subject to budgetary constraints. Given that the most effective treatment option is also the least expensive, it would be favorable for policy makers. On the other hand, if the most effective option is also the most expensive, policy makers would be brought into a challenging situation.

Answer 20

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

Answer 21

(c)

To determine

The graphical representation of various diseases.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The graph for heart disease is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 1

A heart disease being a decisive factor of life of a person is a disease where people opt to spend without hesitation. Hence, treatment option F could be considered a dominant option. Even the cost of it is the highest, so is the QALY value.

The graph for cancer is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 2

The chance of survival of a cancer patient is considered minimal. Even after receiving the necessary treatment and controlling the spreading of cancer cells, it would still rise even after years. In that note, option K seems prudent, as its cost and the QALY value appears to be realistic.

The graph for infectious diseases is as follows;

Health Economics and Policy, Chapter 4, Problem 1QAP , additional homework tip 3

As infectious diseases could create great harm to a society, it is prudent that all necessary measures are taken on a timely manner to prevent them from spreading. Hence, option R could be considered dominant.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

To show the two dimensions of cost per treatment and QALYs gained for the three selected diseases, graphs are being used. The vertical axes of the graphs depict the QALY values for each treatment option under each disease. A QALY or a quality adjusted life year is similar to a measure of life expectancy that comes together with a quality element attached. There are instances in life where even the life expectancy is high; the quality of life is poor. The QALY measure has been developed in addressing this issue.

Answer 27

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.

Answer 28

(d)

To determine

The best treatment strategy from the standpoint of public health.

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Different professionals as well as patients may carry varying viewpoints on priorities given to various treatment options and illnesses. However, when looked at it from the standpoint of the society at large, it could be said that illnesses that create an impact upon a larger fraction of the society should be given priority. Illnesses such as heart diseases and cancer are undoubtedly wide spread around the globe within the current context. However, they are not contagious diseases and thus the necessary treatment must be obtained at individual level. However, infectious diseases spread much widely at a higher speed. Further, due to their infectiousness, many people would be affected if necessary precautions are not being taken. Hence, option R would be the most prudent strategy. Although the cost of the option is high, amounting to 650, so is the QALY value.

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Economics Concept Introduction

Introduction:

Within any society, there are various types of diseases as well as numerous treatment options. The costs involved with such treatments differ. Together with the costs, the quality component of treatments that would be felt by the patients shall also change. Further, it would be much difficult for public health authorities to correctly identify what disease should be given priority as well as what treatment option should be promoted.