
Concept explainers
Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
a. meiosis | 1. X and Y |
b. gametes | 2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
c. karyotype | 3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
d. mitosis | 4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
e. interphase | 5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
f. syncytium | 6. division of the cytoplasm |
g. synapsis | 7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
h. sex chromosomes | 8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
i. cytokinesis | 9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
j. anaphase | 10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
k. chromatid | 11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
l. autosomes | 12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
m. centromere | 13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
n. centrosomes | 14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
o. polar body | 15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
p. spermatocytes | 16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “meiosis” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule-organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Meiosis is a reductional type of cell division in the living organisms.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Meiosis: one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells
Explanation of Solution
The cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the parent cell and give rise to four gametes is called meiosis.

b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gametes” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Gametes are haploid and their fusion leads to the production of diploid zygote. These are the sex cells of organisms.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gametes: haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization
Explanation of Solution
A haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell of opposite sex at the time of fertilization. This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “karyotype” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Karyotype can be defined as the entire set of the chromosomes that is particularly present in the cell.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Karyotype: the array of chromosomes in a given cell
Explanation of Solution
The complete set of chromosomes that is present in a cell is termed as karyotype. It exhibits the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus.

d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “mitosis” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Mitosis is a type of equational cell division that occurs in the somatic cell of the organisms.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Mitosis: one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells
Explanation of Solution
The cell division in which parental cell replicates and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells is called mitosis.

e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “interphase” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle during which nucleus does not undergo the division process.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Interphase: the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible
Explanation of Solution
The stage between two consecutive mitotic divisions when nucleus is not dividing is termed as interphase.

f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “syncytium” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Animal cells may contain one or more than one nuclei in number. Presence of more than one nuclei leads to the syncytium condition.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Syncytium: an animal cell containing more than one nucleus
Explanation of Solution
A syncytium is also known as symplasm. It is a single cell that contains more than one nucleus due to fusion of multiple cells or nuclear division.

g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “synapsis” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
At the chiasmata of chromosomes, the process of pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes
Explanation of Solution
The pairing of chromosomes pairs during meiosis is known as synapsis. It occurs during prophase I stage of meiosis.

h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “sex chromosomes” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Sex chromosomes determines the sex of an organism at the time of fertilization.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Sex chromosomes: X and Y
Explanation of Solution
The sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that are responsible for the determination of sex of an organism. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. Out of which, one pair of chromosomes contains sex chromosomes. Females have XX chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes.

i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “cytokinesis” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Division of cytoplasm is referred to as cutokinesis.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
Explanation of Solution
The process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells is called cytokinesis.

j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “anaphase” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Anapahse is one of the phases of the cell cycle at which sepration of sister chromatids occurs.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Anaphase: the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate.
Explanation of Solution
The replicated chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are moved towards the opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of the cell cycle.

k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “chromatid” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Chromatid can be defined as the one of the two exactly similar halves of a specific chromosome during the process of replication.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Chromatid: one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome
Explanation of Solution
A replicated chromosome has two identical thread like stands. Each strand is termed as chromatid.

l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “autosomes” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Autosomes are the chromosomes that are not at all involved in the determination of sex of the organisms.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Autosomes: chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes
Explanation of Solution
Autosomes are a type of chromosomes which have genes but do not differ in different sexes. They have no role in sex determination.

m.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “centromere” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Centromere is the specifc point on the chromosomes at which attachment of spindle fibers occurs.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Centromere: site of the closest connection between sister chromatids
Explanation of Solution
The region of chromosome that connects the microtubules of the spindle during cell division is called centromere.

n.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “centrosomes” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Centrosomes are the specialized centers that help in the organization of the microtubules at the poles of spindle fibers.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Centrosomes: microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles
Explanation of Solution
The cell microtubules are organized by the centrosome of the cell. The microtubule interacts with the chromosomes to form the mitotic spindle.

o.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “polar body” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Polar body is the result of meosis process. This polar body cannot take part in the process of fertilization.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Polar body: cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete
Explanation of Solution
A haploid cell that is formed as an egg cell and cannot take place in fertilization is called a polar body.

p.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “spermatocytes” among the options given below.
1. X and Y |
2. chromosomes that do not differ between the sexes |
3. one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome |
4. microtubule organizing centers at the spindle poles |
5. cells in the testes that undergo meiosis |
6. division of the cytoplasm |
7. haploid germ cells that unite at fertilization |
8. an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
9. pairing of homologous chromosomes |
10. one diploid cell gives rise to two diploid cells |
11. the array of chromosomes in a given cell |
12. the part of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are not visible |
13. one diploid cell gives rise to four haploid cells |
14. cell produced by meiosis that does not become a gamete |
15. the time during mitosis when sister chromatids separate |
16. site of the closest connection between sister chromatids |
Introduction:
Spermatocytes are the immature cells that are present in the testes of males. These cells develop in sperms on maturation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Spermatocytes: cells in the testes that undergo meiosis
Explanation of Solution
The male gametocytes or sperm cells that are found at early childhood in testes are called spermatocytes. They come from immature germ cells called spermatogonia. They undergo meiosis to produce cells with half the number of chromosomes.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
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