Chemistry: Structure and Properties
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780321834683
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 19E
Explain why the rows in the periodic table become progressively longer as we move down the table. For example, the first row contains two elements, the second and third rows each contain eight elements, and the fourth and fifth rows each contain 18 elements.
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In the periodic table, elements are organized based on their atomic numbers and properties. One of the most significant features of the periodic table is the periodicity in the properties of elements. For example, elements in the same group often exhibit similar chemical behaviors due to having the same number of valence electrons. Consider the halogens, which include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. These elements are found in Group 17 and are known for their high reactivity, particularly with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, forming salts. Their reactivity decreases as you move down the group. Which of the following statements best explains the reason for the decreasing reactivity of halogens as you move down Group 17?
A. The atomic radius decreases, making it harder for the halogens to gain electrons.
B. The atomic radius increases, making it easier for the halogens to gain electrons.
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What is the atomic number for potassium?
How many protons are in an atom of sulfur?
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How can the periodic table be used to determine the number of valence electrons of a given element?
The groups of the periodic table indicate the number of valence electrons of a given element. For example, beryllium is in the second group of the periodic table, so beryllium has two valence electrons.
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The rows of the periodic table indicate the number of valence electrons of a given element. For example, aluminum is found in the third row of the periodic table; therefore, aluminum has three valence electrons.
The periods of the periodic table indicate the number of valence electrons of a given element. For example, hydrogen is found in the first period, so hydrogen has one valence electron.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Chemistry: Structure and Properties
Ch. 4 - 1. According to Coulomb's law, if the separation...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2SAQCh. 4 - Choose the correct electron configuration for Se....Ch. 4 - Prob. 4SAQCh. 4 - Which set of four quantum numbers corresponds to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6SAQCh. 4 - Which statement is true about electron shielding...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8SAQCh. 4 - What is the electron configuration for Fe2+?...Ch. 4 - Which species is diamagnetic? Zn Cr 2+ C Mn
Ch. 4 - Prob. 11SAQCh. 4 - Prob. 12SAQCh. 4 - Prob. 13SAQCh. 4 - Prob. 14SAQCh. 4 - Prob. 15SAQCh. 4 - Prob. 16SAQCh. 4 - What are periodic properties?Ch. 4 - Use aluminum as an example to explain how density...Ch. 4 - Explain the contributions of Dobereiner and...Ch. 4 - Who is credited with arranging the periodic table?...Ch. 4 - Prob. 5ECh. 4 - Prob. 6ECh. 4 - What is an electron configuration? Provide an...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8ECh. 4 - Prob. 9ECh. 4 - What is penetration? How does the penetration of...Ch. 4 - Why are the sublevels within a principal level...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12ECh. 4 - Prob. 13ECh. 4 - What are degenerate orbitals? According to Hund’s...Ch. 4 - List all orbitals from 1s through 5s according to...Ch. 4 - Prob. 16ECh. 4 - Copy this blank periodic table onto a sheet of...Ch. 4 - Explain why the s block in the periodic table has...Ch. 4 - Explain why the rows in the periodic table become...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between a main-group...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between an element's row...Ch. 4 - Which of the transition elements in the first...Ch. 4 - Explain how to write the electron configuration...Ch. 4 - Explain the relationship between the properties of...Ch. 4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4 - Prob. 26ECh. 4 - What is effective nuclear charge? What is...Ch. 4 - When an alkali metal forms an ion, what is the...Ch. 4 - When a halogen forms an ion, what is the charge of...Ch. 4 - Use the concepts of effective nuclear charge,...Ch. 4 - For transition elements, describe the trends in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 32ECh. 4 - Explain how to write an electron configuration for...Ch. 4 - Prob. 34ECh. 4 - Prob. 35ECh. 4 - Prob. 36ECh. 4 - What are the exceptions to the periodic trends in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 38ECh. 4 - Prob. 39ECh. 4 - What is metallic character? What are the observed...Ch. 4 - Prob. 41ECh. 4 - Prob. 42ECh. 4 - Determine whether each element is a main-group...Ch. 4 - Determine whether each element is a transition...Ch. 4 - Write the full electron configuration for each...Ch. 4 - Prob. 46ECh. 4 - Write the full orbital diagram for each element. N...Ch. 4 - Prob. 48ECh. 4 - Use the periodic table to write the electron...Ch. 4 - Use the periodic table to determine the element...Ch. 4 - Use the periodic table to determine each quantity....Ch. 4 - Use the periodic table to determine each quantity....Ch. 4 - Prob. 53ECh. 4 - Prob. 54ECh. 4 - Determine the number of valence electrons in each...Ch. 4 - Prob. 56ECh. 4 - Which outer electron configuration would you...Ch. 4 - Prob. 58ECh. 4 - Prob. 59ECh. 4 - List the number of valence electrons in each...Ch. 4 - Which pair of elements do you expect to be most...Ch. 4 - Prob. 62ECh. 4 - Predict the charge of the ion formed by each...Ch. 4 - Predict the charge of the ion formed by each...Ch. 4 - According to Coulomb’s law, which pair of charged...Ch. 4 - Prob. 66ECh. 4 - Prob. 67ECh. 4 - Arrange the atoms according to decreasing...Ch. 4 - If core electrons completely shielded valence...Ch. 4 - In Section 3.6/, we estimated the effective...Ch. 4 - Prob. 71ECh. 4 - Choose the larger atom in each pair. Sn or Si Br...Ch. 4 - Arrange these elements in order of increasing...Ch. 4 - Arrange these elements in order of decreasing...Ch. 4 - Write the electron configuration for each ion. O2...Ch. 4 - Write the electron configuration for each ion. Cl...Ch. 4 - Write orbital diagrams for each ion and determine...Ch. 4 - Write orbital diagrams for each ion and determine...Ch. 4 - Which is the larger species in each pair? LiorLi+...Ch. 4 - Which is the larger species in each pair? SrorSr2+...Ch. 4 - Arrange this isoelectronic series in order of...Ch. 4 - Arrange this isoelectronic series in order of...Ch. 4 - Choose the element with the higher first...Ch. 4 - Prob. 84ECh. 4 - Arrange these elements in order of increasing...Ch. 4 - Prob. 86ECh. 4 - For each element, predict where the “jump” occurs...Ch. 4 - Prob. 88ECh. 4 - Choose the element with the more negative (more...Ch. 4 - Prob. 90ECh. 4 - Choose the more metallic element in each pair....Ch. 4 - Prob. 92ECh. 4 - Prob. 93ECh. 4 - Prob. 94ECh. 4 - Prob. 95ECh. 4 - Prob. 96ECh. 4 - Both vanadium and its 3+ ion are paramagnetic. Use...Ch. 4 - Use electron configurations to explain why copper...Ch. 4 - Prob. 99ECh. 4 - Suppose you were trying to find a substitute for...Ch. 4 - Prob. 101ECh. 4 - Which pair of elements would you expect to have...Ch. 4 - Consider these elements: N, Mg, O, F, Al. Write...Ch. 4 - Consider these elements: P, Ca, Si, S, Ga. Write...Ch. 4 - Prob. 105ECh. 4 - Explain why vanadium (radius = 134 pm) and copper...Ch. 4 - The lightest noble gases, such as helium and neon,...Ch. 4 - The lightest halogen is also the most chemically...Ch. 4 - Prob. 109ECh. 4 - Prob. 110ECh. 4 - Prob. 111ECh. 4 - Write the electronic configurations of the six...Ch. 4 - You have cracked a secret code that uses elemental...Ch. 4 - The electron affinity of sodium is lower than that...Ch. 4 - Use Coulomb’s law to calculate the ionization...Ch. 4 - Prob. 116ECh. 4 - Consider the densities and atomic radii of the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 118ECh. 4 - Consider the metals in the first transition...Ch. 4 - Imagine a universe in which the value of ms can be...Ch. 4 - A carbon atom can absorb radiation of various...Ch. 4 - Only trace amounts of the synthetic element...Ch. 4 - What is the atomic number of the as yet...Ch. 4 - The trend in second ionization energy for the...Ch. 4 - Unlike the elements in groups 1A and 2A, those in...Ch. 4 - Using the data in Figures 3.19 and 3.20/,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 127ECh. 4 - Prob. 128ECh. 4 - The heaviest known alkaline earth metal is radium,...Ch. 4 - Predict the electronic configurations of the first...Ch. 4 - Prob. 131ECh. 4 - The outermost valence electron in atom A...Ch. 4 - Prob. 133ECh. 4 - Give a combination of four quantum numbers that...Ch. 4 - Prob. 135E
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