Fundamentals of Physics
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781118230718
Author: David Halliday
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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Chapter 37, Problem 78P
To determine
To find
a) Radial speed of the galaxy
b) Whether the galaxy is approaching or receding from Earth
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In the red shift of radiation from a distant galaxy, a certain radiation, known to have a wavelength of 434 nm when observed in the laboratory, has a wavelength of 462 nm. (a)What is the radial speed of the galaxy relative to Earth? (b) Is the galaxy approaching or receding from Earth?
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One of the wavelengths of light emitted by hydrogen atoms under normal laboratory conditions is l = 656.3 nm, in the red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the light emitted from a distant galaxy this same spectral line is observed to be Doppler-shifted to l = 953.4 nm, in the infrared portion of the spectrum. How fast are the emitting atoms moving relative to the earth? Are they approaching the earth or receding from it?
Chapter 37 Solutions
Fundamentals of Physics
Ch. 37 - A rod is to move at constant speed v along the x...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-16 shows a ship attached to reference...Ch. 37 - Reference frame S' is to pass reference frame S at...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-17 shows two clocks in stationary frame...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-18 shows two clocks in stationary frame...Ch. 37 - Sam leaves Venus in a spaceship headed to Mars and...Ch. 37 - The plane of clocks and measuring rods in Fig....Ch. 37 - The rest energy and total energy, respectively, of...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-20 shows the triangle of Fig 37-14 for...Ch. 37 - While on board a starship, you intercept signals...
Ch. 37 - Figure 37-21 shows one of four star cruisers that...Ch. 37 - The mean lifetime of stationary muons is measured...Ch. 37 - To eight significant figures, what is speed...Ch. 37 - You wish to make a round trip from Earth in a...Ch. 37 - Come back to the future. Suppose that a father is...Ch. 37 - ILW An unstable high-energy particle enters a...Ch. 37 - GO Reference frame S' is to pass reference frame S...Ch. 37 - The premise of the Planet of the Apes movies and...Ch. 37 - An electron of = 0.999 987 moves along the axis...Ch. 37 - SSM A spaceship of rest length 130 m races past a...Ch. 37 - A meter stick in frame S' makes an angle of 30...Ch. 37 - A rod lies parallel to the x axis of reference...Ch. 37 - The length of a spaceship is measured to be...Ch. 37 - GO A space traveler takes off from Earth and moves...Ch. 37 - A rod is to move at constant speed v along the x...Ch. 37 - GO The center of our Milky Way galaxy is about 23...Ch. 37 - Observer S reports that an event occurred on the x...Ch. 37 - SSM WWW In Fig. 37-9, the origins of the two...Ch. 37 - Inertial frame S' moves at a speed of 0.60c with...Ch. 37 - An experimenter arranges to trigger two flashbulbs...Ch. 37 - GO As in Fig. 37-9, reference frame S' passes...Ch. 37 - Relativistic reversal of events. Figures 37-25a...Ch. 37 - For the passing reference frames in Fig. 37-25,...Ch. 37 - ILW A clock moves along an x axis at a speed of...Ch. 37 - Bullwinkle in reference frame S' passes you in...Ch. 37 - In Fig. 37-9, observer S detects two flashes of...Ch. 37 - In Fig. 37-9, observer 5 detects two flashes of...Ch. 37 - SSM A particle moves along the x' axis of frame S'...Ch. 37 - In Fig. 37-11, frame S' moves relative to frame S...Ch. 37 - Galaxy A is reported to be receding from us with a...Ch. 37 - Stellar system Q1 moves away from us at a speed of...Ch. 37 - SSM WWW ILW A spaceship whose rest length is 350 m...Ch. 37 - GO In Fig. 37-26a, particle P is to move parallel...Ch. 37 - GO An armada of spaceships that is 1.00 ly long as...Ch. 37 - A sodium light source moves in a horizontal circle...Ch. 37 - SSM A spaceship, moving away from Earth at a speed...Ch. 37 - Prob. 36PCh. 37 - Assuming that Eq. 37-36 holds, find how fast you...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-27 is a graph of intensity versus...Ch. 37 - SSM A spaceship is moving away from Earth at speed...Ch. 37 - How much work must be done to increase the speed...Ch. 37 - SSM WWW The mass of an electron is 9.109 381 88 ...Ch. 37 - Prob. 42PCh. 37 - How much work must be done to increase the speed...Ch. 37 - In the reaction p 19F 16O, the masses are mp =...Ch. 37 - In a high-energy collision between a cosmic-ray...Ch. 37 - Prob. 46PCh. 37 - Prob. 47PCh. 37 - GO The mass of a muon is 207 times the electron...Ch. 37 - GO As you read this page on paper or monitor...Ch. 37 - To four significant figures, find the following...Ch. 37 - ILW What must be the momentum of a particle with...Ch. 37 - Apply the binomial theorem Appendix E to the last...Ch. 37 - Prob. 53PCh. 37 - GO What is for a particle with a K = 2.00E0 and b...Ch. 37 - Prob. 55PCh. 37 - a The energy released in the explosion of 1.00 mol...Ch. 37 - Quasars are thought to be the nuclei of active...Ch. 37 - The mass of an electron is 9.109 381 88 1031 kg....Ch. 37 - GO An alpha particle with kinetic energy 7.70 MeV...Ch. 37 - Temporal separation between two events. Events A...Ch. 37 - Spatial separation between two events. For the...Ch. 37 - GO In Fig. 37-28a, particle P is to move parallel...Ch. 37 - Superluminal jets. Figure 37-29a shows the path...Ch. 37 - GO Reference frame S' passes reference frame S...Ch. 37 - Another approach to velocity transformations. In...Ch. 37 - Continuation of Problem 65. Use the result of part...Ch. 37 - Continuation of Problem 65. Let reference frame C...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-16 shows a ship attached to reference...Ch. 37 - Prob. 69PCh. 37 - An airplane has rest length 40.0 m and speed 630...Ch. 37 - SSM To circle Earth in low orbit, a satellite must...Ch. 37 - Prob. 72PCh. 37 - SSM How much work is needed to accelerate a proton...Ch. 37 - A pion is created in the higher reaches of Earths...Ch. 37 - SSM If we intercept an electron having total...Ch. 37 - Prob. 76PCh. 37 - A spaceship at rest in a certain reference frame S...Ch. 37 - Prob. 78PCh. 37 - SSM What is the momentum in MeV/c of an electron...Ch. 37 - The radius of Earth is 6370 km, and its orbital...Ch. 37 - A particle with mass m has speed c/2 relative to...Ch. 37 - An elementary particle produced in a laboratory...Ch. 37 - What are a K, b E, and c p in GeV/c for a proton...Ch. 37 - A radar transmitter T is fixed to a reference...Ch. 37 - One cosmic-ray particle approaches northsouth axis...Ch. 37 - How much energy is released in the explosion of a...Ch. 37 - What potential difference would accelerate an...Ch. 37 - A Foron cruiser moving directly toward a Reptulian...Ch. 37 - In Fig. 37-35, three spaceships are in a chase....Ch. 37 - Space cruisers A and B are moving parallel to the...Ch. 37 - In Fig. 37-36, two cruisers fly toward a space...Ch. 37 - A relativistic train of proper length 200 m...Ch. 37 - Particle A with rest energy 200 MeV is at rest in...Ch. 37 - Figure 37-37 shows three situations in which a...Ch. 37 - Ionization measurements show that a particular...Ch. 37 - Prob. 96PCh. 37 - Prob. 97PCh. 37 - An astronaut exercising on a treadmill maintains a...Ch. 37 - A spaceship approaches Earth at a speed of 0.42c....Ch. 37 - Prob. 100PCh. 37 - In one year the United States consumption of...Ch. 37 - Quite apart from effects due to Earths rotational...Ch. 37 - Prob. 103P
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- In December 2012, researchers announced the discovery of ultramassive black holes, with masses up to 40 billion times themass of the Sun (seen as the bright spot at the center of the galaxy near the center of Fig. P39.78). a. What is the Schwarz-schild radius of a black hole that has a mass 40 billion times that of the Sun? b. Suppose this black hole is 1.3 billion ly from theEarth. What is the angular radius of a galaxy that is 1.7 billion lybehind it, as viewed from the Earth? FIGURE P39.78arrow_forwardAn Earth satellite used in the Global Positioning System moves in a circular orbit with period 11 h 58 min. (a) Determine the radius of its orbit. (b) Determine its speed. (c) The satellite contains an oscillator producing the principal nonmilitary GPS signal. Its frequency is 1 575.42 MHz in the reference frame of the satellite. When it is received on the Earths surface, what is the fractional change in this frequency due to time dilation, as described by special relativity? (d) The gravitational blueshift of the frequency according to general relativity is a separate effect. The magnitude of that fractional change is given by ff=Ugmc2 where Ug/m is the change in gravitational potential energy per unit mass between the two points at which the signal is observed. Calculate this fractional change in frequency. (e) What is the overall fractional change in frequency? Superposed on both of these relativistic effects is a Doppler shift that is generally much larger. It can be a redshift or a blueshift, depending on the motion of a particular satellite relative to a GPS receiver (Fig. P1.39).arrow_forwardSuppose the primed and laboratory observers want to measure the length of a rod that rests on the ground horizontally in the space between the helicopter and the tower (Fig. 39.8B). To derive the length transformation L = L (Eq. 39.5), we had to assume that the positions of the two ends were determined simultaneously. What happens to the length transformation equation if both observers measure the end below the helicopter at one time t1 and the other end at a later time t2?arrow_forward
- Two astronomical events are observed to occur at a time of 0.30 s apart and a distance separation of 2.0109m from each other. How fast must a spacecraft travel from the site of one event toward the other to make the events occur at the same time when measured in the frame of reference of the spacecraft?arrow_forwardExplain why, when defining the length of a rod, it is necessary to specify that the positions of the ends of the rod are to be measured simultaneously.arrow_forwardA spacecraft in the shape of a long cylinder has a length of 100 m, and its mass with occupants is 1 000 kg. Ii has strayed too close to a black hole having a mass 100 times that of the Sun (Fig. P11.11). The nose of the spacecraft points toward the black hole, and the distance between the nose and the center of the black hole is 10.0 km. (a) Determine the total force on the spacecraft. (b) What is the difference in the gravitational fields acting on the occupants in the nose of the ship and on those in the rear of the ship, farthest from the black hole? (This difference in accelerations grows rapidly as the ship approaches the black hole. It puts the body of the ship under extreme tension and eventually tears it apart.)arrow_forward
- (a) What is the effective accelerating potential for electrons at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, if =1.00105 for them? (b) What is their total energy (nearly the same as kinetic in this case) in GeV?arrow_forwardShow that the velocity of a star orbiting its galaxy in a circular oibit is inversely proportional to the square root of its orbital radius, assuming the mass of the stars inside its orbit acts like a single mass at the center of the galaxy. You may use an equation from a previous chapter to support your conclusion, but you must justify its use and define all terms used.arrow_forward(a) Wliat is the approximate velocity relative to us of a galaxy near the edge of the known universe, some 10 Gly away? (b) What fraction of the speed of light is this? Note that we have observed galaxies moving away from us at greater than 0.9c.arrow_forward
- An observer in a coasting spacecraft moves toward a mirror at speed v relative to the reference frame labeled S in Figure P39.85. The mirror is stationary with respect to S. A light pulse emitted by the spacecraft travels toward the mirror and is reflected back to the spacecraft. The spacecraft is a distance d from the mirror (as measured by observers in S) at the moment the light pulse leaves the spacecraft. What is the total travel time of the pulse as measured by observers in (a) the S frame and (b) the spacecraft?arrow_forward(a) At what relative velocity is =2.00 ? (b) At what relative velocity is =10.0 ?arrow_forward(a) What is the approximate speed relative to us of a galaxy near the edge of the known universe, some 10 Gly away? (b) What traction of the speed of light is this? Note that we have observed galaxies moving away from us at greater than 0.9c.arrow_forward
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