Biology: How Life Works
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319017637
Author: James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Melissa Michael, Robert Lue, Andrew Berry, Andrew Biewener, Brian Farrell, N. Michele Holbrook
Publisher: Macmillan Higher Education
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Chapter 36.3, Problem 10SAQ
Summary Introduction
To draw:
“The endocrine pathway, such as parathyroid regulation of blood calcium levels, which maintains homeostasis of a bodily function by means of negative feedback”.
Introduction:
The thyroid gland (present in the neck) secretes a hormone called calcitonin that helps in the maintenance of blood calcium level. It plays an important role in nerve conduction and muscle contraction. It also lowers the blood calcium level if it rises.
The parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone stimulates the activity of osteoclats that helps in the release of calcium ion from the bones. It also promotes the reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidney. This hormone helps in increasing the blood calcium level if it is low.
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a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent.
b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved
If you wanted to reduce the difference between peak and trough levels that occur with repeated administration of a drug, how would you adjust the dose and dose interval without changing the plateau concentration (plateau is the average of peak and trough levels)? Select your answers for both dose and interval. Hint: It may be helpful to think about this problem using an example such as food. How would you eat if you wanted to maintain very steady hunger/satiety levels without changing your total caloric intake?
Options:
A. Dose; Increase dose
B. Dose; Decrease dose
C. Dose; Do not change dose
D. Interval; Increase the interval between doses (give the drug less frequently)
E. Interval; Decrease the interval between doses (give the drug more frequently)
F. Interval; Do not change the interval
What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. Show the math
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