For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found . Concept introduction: According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid. The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions. The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place. In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized. The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp 3 < sp 2 < sp .

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Answer 1

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Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

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Predict the major products of the following organic reaction: + Some important notes: A ? • Draw the major product, or products, of the reaction in the drawing area below. • If there aren't any products, because no reaction will take place, check the box below the drawing area instead. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds when necessary, for example to distinguish between major products that are enantiomers. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure.

Answer 2

Question

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Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

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Answer 3

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Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

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Answer 4

Question

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Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

Question

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Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 8

Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 9

Chapter 3, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 10

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 11

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 12

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 13

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 14

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 15

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of reactions direction of equilibrium reaction and mechanism of the reactions has to be found.

Concept introduction:

According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, acid is proton donor and base is proton acceptor. Curved arrows show the reaction mechanism of the acid-base reaction. The mechanism of proton transfer always involves at least two curved arrows. Where one arrow should shows the abstraction of hydrogen by the base and other arrow shows the gain of negative charge by the acid.

The favored direction of equilibrium is predicted by comparing the stability of the acids or the bases in each side of the given reactions.

The anion involving in resonance in a molecule will have greater stability as compared to molecule’s having single anion. Because of the resonance the delocalization of anion would take place.

In a molecule where the anion is carried by a more electronegative atom will show more stability. The greater electronegativity makes anion closer to the nucleus hence more stabilized.

The carbanion stability varies with the percentage of ‘s’ character in its hybridization state. Since the s-orbital is closer to nucleus than p-orbital, the hybridized orbital having more ‘s’ character will have more stability to accommodate anion (due to high nuclear charge). The order is sp3 < sp2 < sp .

Answer 16

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 3.2 - All of the following acid-base reactions are...Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 3.2 - Prob. 3ATS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 2LTS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 4PTS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 5ATS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 6ATS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 3LTS Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 7PTS

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