a. Identify the functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly responsible f or the flavor and fragrance of nutmeg. b. Draw a skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point. c. Label all electrophilic carbon atoms.

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 31P

Chapter 3, Problem 31P, 3.29

Identify the <x-custom-btb-me data-me-id='2543' class='microExplainerHighlight'>functional groups</x-custom-btb-me> in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly

a. Identify the functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly responsible f or the flavor and fragrance of nutmeg.

b. Draw a skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point.

c. Label all electrophilic carbon atoms.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 31P

Chapter 3, Problem 31P, 3.29

Identify the <x-custom-btb-me data-me-id='2543' class='microExplainerHighlight'>functional groups</x-custom-btb-me> in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly

a. Identify the functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly responsible f or the flavor and fragrance of nutmeg.

b. Draw a skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point.

c. Label all electrophilic carbon atoms.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 31P

Chapter 3, Problem 31P, 3.29

Identify the <x-custom-btb-me data-me-id='2543' class='microExplainerHighlight'>functional groups</x-custom-btb-me> in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly

a. Identify the functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly responsible f or the flavor and fragrance of nutmeg.

b. Draw a skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point.

c. Label all electrophilic carbon atoms.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 31P

Chapter 3, Problem 31P, 3.29

Identify the <x-custom-btb-me data-me-id='2543' class='microExplainerHighlight'>functional groups</x-custom-btb-me> in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly

a. Identify the functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin, a compound partly responsible f or the flavor and fragrance of nutmeg.

b. Draw a skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point.

c. Label all electrophilic carbon atoms.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The functional groups in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are to be identified.

Concept introduction: An atom or a group of atoms which are responsible for characteristic physical and chemical properties of the compound are collectively known as functional groups. The functional groups are the most reactive part present in the molecule.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 31P

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 1

Figure 1

The red coloured balls have two bonds. So, these are the oxygen atoms. Black coloured atoms have four bonds. So, these are the carbon atoms. The grey coloured balls have one bond. So, these are the hydrogen atoms. The molecular structure of elemicin is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 2

Figure 2

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Answer 15

Conclusion

The functional groups present in the ball-and-stick model of elemicin are ether and alkene group.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Expert Solution

Answer 20

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The isomers which have same molecular formula but different connectivity of atoms are constitutional isomers.

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid is boiling point. The boiling point depends on the intermolecular forces. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

The temperature at which the solid converts to its liquid phase is melting point. Stronger the intermolecular force, higher is the boiling point.

Answer 21

Answer to Problem 31P

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 3

Answer 22

Explanation of Solution

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is,

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 4

Figure 3

This structure contains alcohol groups. This structure exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonding is strongest intermolecular forces.

Answer 23

Conclusion

The skeletal structure of a constitutional isomer of elemicin that should have a higher boiling point and melting point is shown in Figure 3.

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4

Conclusion

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Expert Solution

Answer 27

Expert Solution

Answer 28

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: All electrophilic carbon atoms are to be labeled.

Concept introduction: An electron deficient due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is electrophilic site and an electron rich site due to hetero atoms or pi bonds or both is nucleophilic site.

Answer 29

Answer to Problem 31P

The carbon atoms attached to the oxygen atom in ether group are electrophilic in nature.

Answer 30

Explanation of Solution

An oxygen atom is more electronegative than carbon atom which makes the carbon atom attached to oxygen atom electron deficient and electrophilic site as shown below.

CNCT ORG CHEM 6 2020, Chapter 3, Problem 31P , additional homework tip 5

Figure 4