
Subpart (a):
Calculate the member of required labor.
Subpart (a):

Explanation of Solution
Number of workers required to produce one unit of goods can be calculated using the following formula.
Substitute the respective values in Equation (1) to calculate the required number of person to produce one unit of car in U.S.
Required labor to produce one unit of car in U.S. is 0.25.
Table 1 illustrates the workers required to produce a car and a ton of grain in the U.S. and the Japan that obtained by using Equation (1).
Table 1
Workers required to produce | ||
One Car | One Ton of Grain | |
U.S. | 0.25 workers | 0.10 workers |
Japan | 0.25 workers | 0.20 workers |
Concept introduction:
Subpart (b):
Draw the production possibility frontier.
Subpart (b):

Explanation of Solution
Figure 1 shows the productive capacity of two countries.
In Figure 1, the horizontal axis measures the quantity of grains produced by both the countries and the vertical axis measures the quantity of cars produced. If either economy, that is, the U.S. or Japan devotes all of its 100 million workers in producing cars each economy can produce 400 million cars in a year
Concept introduction:
Production Possibility Frontier (PPF): PPF refers to the maximum possible combinations of output of goods or services that an economy can attain by efficiently utilizing and employing full resources.
Subpart (c):
Calculate the opportunity cost.
Subpart (c):

Explanation of Solution
Opportunity cost of a car for the U.S. is calculated as follows.
Thus, the opportunity cost of a car for the U.S. is 2.5 tons of grains.
Opportunity cost of a car for Japan is calculated as follows.
Thus, the opportunity cost of a car for Japan is 1.25 tons of grains.
Opportunity cost of producing a ton of grains in the U.S. is calculated as follows
Thus, the opportunity cost of producing a ton of grains in the U.S. is 0.4 units of cars.
Opportunity cost of producing a ton of grains in Japan is calculated as follows.
Thus, the opportunity cost of producing a ton of grains in Japan is 0.8 units of cars.
The results can be tabulated in Table 2 below.
Table 2
Opportunity Cost | ||
One Car | One Ton of Grain | |
U.S. | 2.5 tons of grains | 0.4 units of car |
Japan | 1.25 tons of grains | 0.8 units of car |
Concept introduction:
Opportunity cost: Opportunity cost is the cost of a foregone alternative, that is, the loss of other alternative when one alternative is chosen.
Subpart (d):
Find the country that has absolute advantage in the production of goods.
Subpart (d):

Explanation of Solution
Neither of these countries has an absolute advantage in producing cars. This is because they are equally productive in the production of a car (4 cars per worker per year). However, in the production of grains, the United States has an absolute advantage because it is more productive than Japan. The U.S. can produce 10 tons of grains per worker per year; whereas Japan can produce only 5 tons of grains per worker per year.
Concept introduction:
Absolute advantage: It is the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer.
Subpart (e):
Find the country that has absolute advantage in the production of goods.
Subpart (e):

Explanation of Solution
Japan has a
Concept introduction:
Comparative advantage: It refers to the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.
Subpart (f):
Calculate the total production before the trade.
Subpart (f):

Explanation of Solution
Without trade and with half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the United States would produce 200 million cars
Concept introduction:
Trade: The trade refers to the exchange of capital, goods, and services across different countries.
Subpart (g):
Gains from trade for the U.S. and Japan.
Subpart (g):

Explanation of Solution
Firstly, consider the situation without trade in which each country is producing some cars and some grains. Suppose the United States shifts its one worker from producing cars to producing grain, then that worker would produce 4 cars and 10 additional tons of grain. Now suppose, with trade, the United States offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The United States would encourage this because the cost of producing 4 cars in the United States is 10 tons of grain. So by trading, the United States can gain 4 cars for a cost of only 7 tons of grain. Hence, it is better off by 3 tons of grain.
The same is applicable for Japan, if Japan changes one worker from producing grain to producing cars. That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain. Japan will take the trade because Japan will be better off by 2 tons of grain.
So with the trade and the change of one worker in both the United States and Japan, each country gets the same amount of cars as before but gets additional tons of grain (3 tons of grains for the United States and 2 tons of grains for Japan) making both countries better off.
Concept introduction:
Trade: The trade refers to the exchange of capital, goods, and services across different countries.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Principles of Macroeconomics (MindTap Course List)
- 2. What is the payoff from a long futures position where you are obligated to buy at the contract price? What is the payoff from a short futures position where you are obligated to sell at the contract price?? Draw the payoff diagram for each position. Payoff from Futures Contract F=$50.85 S1 Long $100 $95 $90 $85 $80 $75 $70 $65 $60 $55 $50.85 $50 $45 $40 $35 $30 $25 Shortarrow_forward3. Consider a call on the same underlier (Cisco). The strike is $50.85, which is the forward price. The owner of the call has the choice or option to buy at the strike. They get to see the market price S1 before they decide. We assume they are rational. What is the payoff from owning (also known as being long) the call? What is the payoff from selling (also known as being short) the call? Payoff from Call with Strike of k=$50.85 S1 Long $100 $95 $90 $85 $80 $75 $70 $65 $60 $55 $50.85 $50 $45 $40 $35 $30 $25 Shortarrow_forward4. Consider a put on the same underlier (Cisco). The strike is $50.85, which is the forward price. The owner of the call has the choice or option to buy at the strike. They get to see the market price S1 before they decide. We assume they are rational. What is the payoff from owning (also known as being long) the put? What is the payoff from selling (also known as being short) the put? Payoff from Put with Strike of k=$50.85 S1 Long $100 $95 $90 $85 $80 $75 $70 $65 $60 $55 $50.85 $50 $45 $40 $35 $30 $25 Shortarrow_forward
- The following table provides information on two technology companies, IBM and Cisco. Use the data to answer the following questions. Company IBM Cisco Systems Stock Price Dividend (trailing 12 months) $150.00 $50.00 $7.00 Dividend (next 12 months) $7.35 Dividend Growth 5.0% $2.00 $2.15 7.5% 1. You buy a futures contract instead of purchasing Cisco stock at $50. What is the one-year futures price, assuming the risk-free interest rate is 6%? Remember to adjust the futures price for the dividend of $2.15.arrow_forward5. Consider a one-year European-style call option on Cisco stock. The strike is $50.85, which is the forward price. The risk-free interest rate is 6%. Assume the stock price either doubles or halves each period. The price movement corresponds to u = 2 and d = ½ = 1/u. S1 = $100 Call payoff= SO = $50 S1 = $25 Call payoff= What is the call payoff for $1 = $100? What is the call payoff for S1 = $25?arrow_forwardMC The diagram shows a pharmaceutical firm's demand curve and marginal cost curve for a new heart medication for which the firm holds a 20-year patent on its production. Assume this pharmaceutical firm charges a single price for its drug. At its profit-maximizing level of output, it will generate a total profit represented by OA. areas J+K. B. areas F+I+H+G+J+K OC. areas E+F+I+H+G. D. - it is not possible to determine with the informatio OE. the sum of areas A through K. (...) Po P1 Price F P2 E H 0 G B Q MR D ōarrow_forward
- Price Quantity $26 0 The marketing department of $24 20,000 Johnny Rockabilly's record company $22 40,000 has determined that the demand for his $20 60,000 latest CD is given in the table at right. $18 80,000 $16 100,000 $14 120,000 The record company's costs consist of a $240,000 fixed cost of recording the CD, an $8 per CD variable cost of producing and distributing the CD, plus the cost of paying Johnny for his creative talent. The company is considering two plans for paying Johnny. Plan 1: Johnny receives a zero fixed recording fee and a $4 per CD royalty for each CD that is sold. Plan 2: Johnny receives a $400,000 fixed recording fee and zero royalty per CD sold. Under either plan, the record company will choose the price of Johnny's CD so as to maximize its (the record company's) profit. The record company's profit is the revenues minus costs, where the costs include the costs of production, distribution, and the payment made to Johnny. Johnny's payment will be be under plan 2 as…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the best example of perfect price discrimination? A. Universities give entry scholarships to poorer students. B. Students pay lower prices at the local theatre. ○ C. A hotel charges for its rooms according to the number of days left before the check-in date. ○ D. People who collect the mail coupons get discounts at the local food store. ○ E. An airline offers a discount to students.arrow_forwardConsider the figure at the right. The profit of the single-price monopolist OA. is shown by area D+H+I+F+A. B. is shown by area A+I+F. OC. is shown by area D + H. ○ D. is zero. ○ E. cannot be calculated or shown with just the information given in the graph. (C) Price ($) B C D H FIG шо E MC ATC A MR D = AR Quantityarrow_forward
- Consider the figure. A perfectly price-discriminating monopolist will produce ○ A. 162 units and charge a price equal to $69. ○ B. 356 units and charge a price equal to $52 for the last unit sold only. OC. 162 units and charge a price equal to $52. OD. 356 units and charge a price equal to the perfectly competitive price. Dollars per Unit $69 $52 MR 162 356 Output MC Darrow_forwardThe figure at right shows the demand line, marginal revenue line, and cost curves for a single-price monopolist. Now suppose the monopolist is able to charge a different price on each different unit sold. The profit-maximizing quantity for the monopolist is (Round your response to the nearest whole number.) The price charged for the last unit sold by this monopolist is $ (Round your response to the nearest dollar.) Price ($) 250 225- 200- The monopolist's profit is $ the nearest dollar.) (Round your response to MC 175- 150 ATC 125- 100- 75- 50- 25- 0- °- 0 20 40 60 MR 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Quantityarrow_forwardThe diagram shows a pharmaceutical firm's demand curve and marginal cost curve for a new heart medication for which the firm holds a 20-year patent on its production. At its profit-maximizing level of output, it will generate a deadweight loss to society represented by what? A. There is no deadweight loss generated. B. Area H+I+J+K OC. Area H+I D. Area D + E ◇ E. It is not possible to determine with the information provided. (...) 0 Price 0 m H B GI A MR MC D Outparrow_forward
- Brief Principles of Macroeconomics (MindTap Cours...EconomicsISBN:9781337091985Author:N. Gregory MankiwPublisher:Cengage LearningEssentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)EconomicsISBN:9781337091992Author:N. Gregory MankiwPublisher:Cengage Learning





