For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column. a. epistasis 1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype b. nucleotide 2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information c. conditional lethal 3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids d. permissive condition 4. a heritable change in a gene e. reduced penetrance 5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes f. multifactorial trait 6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype g. incomplete dominance 7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live h. codominance 8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment i. mutation 9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity j. pleiotropy 10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others k. variable expressivity 11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. epistasis	1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype
b. nucleotide	2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information
c. conditional lethal	3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids
d. permissive condition	4. a heritable change in a gene
e. reduced penetrance	5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes
f. multifactorial trait	6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype
g. incomplete dominance	7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live
h. codominance	8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment
i. mutation	9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity
j. pleiotropy	10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others
k. variable expressivity	11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. epistasis	1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype
b. nucleotide	2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information
c. conditional lethal	3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids
d. permissive condition	4. a heritable change in a gene
e. reduced penetrance	5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes
f. multifactorial trait	6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype
g. incomplete dominance	7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live
h. codominance	8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment
i. mutation	9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity
j. pleiotropy	10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others
k. variable expressivity	11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. epistasis	1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype
b. nucleotide	2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information
c. conditional lethal	3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids
d. permissive condition	4. a heritable change in a gene
e. reduced penetrance	5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes
f. multifactorial trait	6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype
g. incomplete dominance	7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live
h. codominance	8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment
i. mutation	9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity
j. pleiotropy	10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others
k. variable expressivity	11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1P

For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.

a. epistasis	1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype
b. nucleotide	2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information
c. conditional lethal	3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids
d. permissive condition	4. a heritable change in a gene
e. reduced penetrance	5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes
f. multifactorial trait	6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype
g. incomplete dominance	7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live
h. codominance	8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment
i. mutation	9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity
j. pleiotropy	10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others
k. variable expressivity	11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “epistasis” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the phenotype of a particular gene locus is masked by another locus of gene, this situation is called epistasis.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Epistasis: part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Epistasis is a phenomenon in which the locus of one gene can mask the phenotype of another gene locus. The gene that masks the effects of another gene is known as an epistatic gene.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “nucleotide” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Nucleotides are made up of pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Nucleotide: Genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

Nucleotide are regarded as the building blocks of nucleic acid. They can form either deoxyribose nucleic acid or ribonucleic acid.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “conditional lethal” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When in certain situation, alleles become lethal, that condition is called conditional lethal.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Conditional lethal: A genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others.

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which circumstances makes the alleles lethal is said to be conditional lethal. For example, some animals contain lethal condition alleles for low temperature. When these animals are exposed to low temperature than they may die.

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Answer 30

Expert Solution

Answer 31

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “permissive condition” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When mutatnt and lethal allele can grow or survive in a normal way, that condition is called permissive condition.

Answer 34

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Permissive condition: An environmental condition that allows conditional lethal to live

Answer 35

Explanation of Solution

A condition which allows a mutant allele to behave normally and a conditional lethal mutant grow normally, is known as a permissive condition.

Answer 36

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Answer 37

Expert Solution

Answer 38

Expert Solution

Answer 39

Expert Solution

Answer 40

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “reduced penetrance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Reduced penetrance is that condition when less than 100% of organisms having a specific genotype express it in the phenotype.

Answer 41

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Reduced penetrance: Less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype to express it in their phenotype

Answer 42

Explanation of Solution

The proportion of the organism in a population that carries the alleles for causing disease is referred to as penetrance. Penetrance is categorized into complete and incomplete penetrance. The condition in which a specific genotype that expressed into its phenotype is possessed by a lesser amount of people is known as reduced penetrance.

Answer 43

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Answer 44

Expert Solution

Answer 45

Expert Solution

Answer 46

Expert Solution

Answer 47

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “multifactorial trait” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Some of the traits are the result of intercationbetwee certain alleles. Traits developed from such interactions are referred to as multifactorial trait.

Answer 48

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Multifactorial trait: A trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

Answer 49

Explanation of Solution

Multifactorial trait referred to a trait that is expressed by a group of gene or alleles. The interaction of gene and environment results in the expression of a new trait that is known as a multifactorial trait.

Answer 50

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Answer 51

Expert Solution

Answer 52

Expert Solution

Answer 53

Expert Solution

Answer 54

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “incomplete dominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein-coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When a mixed combination of alleles is produced in the filial generation, the process is referred to as incomplete dominance.

Answer 55

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Incomplete dominance: The heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Answer 56

Explanation of Solution

A condition in which dominant allele do not mask the effect of recessive allele and leads to intermediate inheritance is known as incomplete dominance. For example, pink flowers in snapdragon are formed due to incomplete dominance.

Answer 57

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Answer 58

Expert Solution

Answer 59

Expert Solution

Answer 60

Expert Solution

Answer 61

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “codominance” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Codominance is a situation when both the alleles of a particular trait express equally.

Answer 62

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Codominance: Both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F₁ hybrids

Answer 63

Explanation of Solution

Codominance is a condition in which the expression of two alleles takes place equally. Neither of the alleles is dominant or recessive, so F₁ hybrids are expressed with both parental phenotypes.

Answer 64

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Answer 65

Expert Solution

Answer 66

Expert Solution

Answer 67

Expert Solution

Answer 68

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “mutation” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

A sudden and heritable change in the genome of an organism is called mutation.

Answer 69

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Mutation: A heritable change in a gene

Answer 70

Explanation of Solution

The mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that alters the genetic information expressed by a gene. The substances which bring mutation are known as mutagens. The mutation in genes can cause many diseases, but some mutation does not result in diseases hence called silent mutations.

Answer 71

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Answer 72

Expert Solution

Answer 73

Expert Solution

Answer 74

Expert Solution

Answer 75

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “pleiotropy” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

When the expression of one gene is able to control different phenotypes, the process is called pleiotropy.

Answer 76

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Pleiotropy: One gene affecting more than one phenotype

Answer 77

Explanation of Solution

Pleiotropy is a condition in which many different traits are controlled by the expression of a single gene. In this mechanism, the same product formed by a single gene is used by a different type of cells.

Answer 78

Expert Solution

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.

Answer 79

Expert Solution

Answer 80

Expert Solution

Answer 81

Expert Solution

Answer 82

Summary Introduction

k.

To determine:

The phrase that describes “variable expressivity” among the options given below.

1. one gene affecting more than one phenotype

2. part of a gene that does not contain protein coding information

3. both parental phenotypes are expressed in the F hybrids

4. a heritable change in a gene

5. genes whose alleles alter phenotypes produced by the action of other genes

6. less than 100% of the individuals possessing a particular genotype express it in their phenotype

7. environmental condition that allows conditional lethals to live

8. a trait produced by the interaction of alleles of at least two genes or from interactions between gene and environment

9. individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

10. a genotype that is lethal in some situations (for example, high temperature) but viable in others

11. the heterozygote resembles neither homozygote

Introduction:

Variable expressivity is the variable intensity of phenotypes among the same population.

Answer 83

Answer to Problem 1P

Correct answer:

Variable expressivity: Individuals with the same genotype have related phenotypes that vary in intensity

Answer 84

Explanation of Solution

The extent or severity of the trait expressed by the expression of genotype among individuals of the same population is known as variable expressivity. For example, the intensity of symptoms of a disease may vary among individuals even though they possess the same genotype.