ANAT.+PHYSIO.2-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
20th Edition
ISBN: 9781264303090
Author: VanPutte
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Question
Chapter 28, Problem 6CT
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The conclusion made on the basis of the given data and the mechanism involved.
Introduction:
Placebo refers to an inert substance that does not have active drug ingredients. Placebos are mainly used in research studies. The combinations of estrogen and progesterone can prevent ovulation and also prevent pregnancy.
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A study divides healthy females into two groups (A and B). Both groupsare composed of those who have been sexually active for at least 2 yearsand are not pregnant at the beginning of the experiment. The subjectsweigh about the same amount, and none smoke cigarettes, althoughsome drink alcohol occasionally. Group A individuals receive a placeboin the form of a sugar pill each morning of their menstrual cycles. GroupB individuals receive a pill containing estrogen and progesterone eachmorning of their menstrual cycles. Then plasma LH levels are measuredbefore, during, and after ovulation. The results are as follows:Group 4 Days BeforeOvulationDay ofOvulation4 Days AfterOvulationA 18 mg/100 mL 300 mg/100 mL 17 mg/100 mLB 21 mg/100 mL 157 mg/100 mL 15 mg/100 mLThe number of pregnancies in group A is 37/100 females/year. Thenumber of pregnancies in group B is 1.5/100 females/year. Whatconclusion can you reach on the basis of these data? Explain themechanism involved.
A woman is trying to get pregnant and she has her hormone levels tested. The doctor finds that her levels of FSH and LH are normal, whereas her levels of progesterone are consistently lower than average across her cycle. What would be the most likely reason she is having trouble getting and/or staying pregnant?
1. The low levels of progesterone inhibit FSH and LHChoice
2. The low levels of progesterone inhibit menstruation
3. The low levels of progesterone lead to excessive thickening of the endometrium
4. The low levels of progesterone prevent the endometrium from thickening
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
1. None of the choices are true
2. During the menstrual cycle, typically two eggs are released during ovulation
3. Fertilization typically occurs in the uterus
4. The name of the gene responsible for triggering male characteristics is known as Testosterogene
Chapter 28 Solutions
ANAT.+PHYSIO.2-LAB.MAN. >CUSTOM<
Ch. 28.1 - What are the functions of the reproductive system?Ch. 28.1 - What functions occur in both moles and females,...Ch. 28.2 - Describe the events of meiosis / and meiosis II....Ch. 28.2 - Prob. 4AYPCh. 28.2 - Prob. 5AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 6AYPCh. 28.3 - Describe the structure of the scrotum.Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 8AYPCh. 28.3 - Locate the boundaries of the perineum and the two...Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 10AYP
Ch. 28.3 - Whereare the seminiferous tubules and interstitial...Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 12AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 13AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 14AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 15AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 16AYPCh. 28.3 - Where, specifically, are sperm cells produced in...Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 18AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 19AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 20AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 21AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 22AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 23AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 24AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 25AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 26AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 27AYPCh. 28.3 - Describe the structures and locations of the glans...Ch. 28.3 - Prob. 29AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 30AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 31AYPCh. 28.3 - Prob. 32AYPCh. 28.4 - Where are GnRH, LH, FSH, and inhibin produced?...Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 34AYPCh. 28.4 - Explain the regulation of testosterone secretion.Ch. 28.4 - Prob. 36AYPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 37AYPCh. 28.4 - Prob. 38AYPCh. 28.4 - Describe the processes of erection, emission,...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 40AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 41AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 42AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 43AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 44AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 45AYPCh. 28.5 - Describe the process of ovulation.Ch. 28.5 - What is the corpus luteum? What happens to it if...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 48AYPCh. 28.5 - How are the uterine tubes involved in moving the...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 50AYPCh. 28.5 - Describe the major ligaments holding the uterus in...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 52AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 53AYPCh. 28.5 - Describe the layers of the vaginal wall. What are...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 55AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 56AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 57AYPCh. 28.5 - What is the function of the clitoris and bulb of...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 59AYPCh. 28.5 - Where are the greater and lesser vestibular glands...Ch. 28.5 - Prob. 61AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 62AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 63AYPCh. 28.5 - Prob. 64AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 65AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 66AYPCh. 28.6 - What are the major phases of the ovarian cycle?...Ch. 28.6 - Prob. 68AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 69AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 70AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 71AYPCh. 28.6 - Where is hCG produced, and what effect does it...Ch. 28.6 - Whatare the phases of the uterine cycle?Ch. 28.6 - Prob. 74AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 75AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 76AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 77AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 78AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 79AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 80AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 81AYPCh. 28.6 - Prob. 82AYPCh. 28.6 - What causes the changes that lead to menopause?Ch. 28.7 - Prob. 84AYPCh. 28.7 - Prob. 85AYPCh. 28.7 - Prob. 86AYPCh. 28.7 - Prob. 87AYPCh. 28 - During meiosis I Homologous chromosomes synapse....Ch. 28 - Prob. 2RACCh. 28 - Prob. 3RACCh. 28 - The site of spermatogenesis in the male is the a....Ch. 28 - Prob. 5RACCh. 28 - Prob. 6RACCh. 28 - Concerning the penis. the membranous urethra...Ch. 28 - Prob. 8RACCh. 28 - Prob. 9RACCh. 28 - Prob. 10RACCh. 28 - In the male, before puberty a. FSH levels are...Ch. 28 - Prob. 12RACCh. 28 - Prob. 13RACCh. 28 - Prob. 14RACCh. 28 - Prob. 15RACCh. 28 - Prob. 16RACCh. 28 - Prob. 17RACCh. 28 - During sexual excitement, which of these...Ch. 28 - Prob. 19RACCh. 28 - Prob. 20RACCh. 28 - Prob. 21RACCh. 28 - Which of these processes or phases in the monthly...Ch. 28 - Prob. 23RACCh. 28 - Prob. 24RACCh. 28 - Prob. 25RACCh. 28 - Prob. 26RACCh. 28 - Prob. 27RACCh. 28 - If an adult male were castrated (testes were...Ch. 28 - Prob. 2CTCh. 28 - Prob. 3CTCh. 28 - Prob. 4CTCh. 28 - If the ovaries are removed from a 20-year-old...Ch. 28 - Prob. 6CTCh. 28 - Prob. 7CTCh. 28 - GnRH can be used to treat some females who want to...Ch. 28 - Prob. 9CTCh. 28 - Prob. 10CTCh. 28 - Prob. 11CT
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- Figure 43.15 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol.arrow_forwardFigure 18.17 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? a. LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. b. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. c. Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles. d. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estrogen but stimulated by high levels of estrogen.arrow_forwardAs outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?arrow_forward
- Which of the following mechanisms best explains the contraceptive effect of birth control pills that contain both synthetic estrogen and progestin? Inhibition of ovulation Impairment of implantation hyperplastic changes of the endometrium Production of uterine secretions that are toxic to developing embryos Impairment of sperm transport due to uterotubal obstruction Direct inhibition of oocyte maturationarrow_forwardFemale Reproductive System Menstruation is triggered by: O a decrease of estrogen and progesterone O a rise in FSH an increase of estrogen and progesterone O a spike in LHarrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT one of the events leading to male sex-determination in humans? The Wolffian ducts are degraded. TDF and SF1 stimulate transcription of SOX9. Testosterone is produced, which stimulates the development of male reproductive structures and other male secondary characteristics. Mullerian-Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) is produced. The SRY gene is expressed to produce Testes-Determining Factor (TDF).arrow_forward
- What does the graph show about estrogen and progesterone before and after ovulation? Please choose from one choice below. Before ovulation: Progesterone level is higher than estrogen; After ovulation: Estrogen level is higher than progesterone Before ovulation: Estrogen level is lower than progesterone; After ovulation: Progesterone level is higher than estrogen Before ovulation: Estrogen level is higher than progesterone; After ovulation: Progesterone level is higher than estrogen Before ovulation: Progesterone level is higher than estrogen; After ovulation: Estrogen level is lower than progesteronearrow_forward20arrow_forwardThe sex response is an inborn reflex. What stimuli trigger the reflex? What two physiological mechanisms (other than the brain) are responsible for the physical changes that appear during the sexual response? [Hint: One begins with “va” and the other with “my.”] Give examples of the effects of both these two physiological mechanisms.arrow_forward
- Which of the following describes the role of Luteinizing hormone in the ovarian cycle? o Inhibits the hypothalamus from secreting GNRH o Directly promotes thickening of the endometrium o Simulates the ovary to increase aldosterone o Induces the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone Stimulates lactation in the mammary glandsarrow_forwardWhich of the following graphs illustrates the cyclical variation in progesterone levels for a nonpregnant woman who is taking oral contraceptive? Select one: a. D b. B c. A d. C e. Earrow_forwardBirth control pills are oral contraceptives taken by women to prevent pregnancies. The most effective forms of birth control pills contain estrogen and a small amount of progestin (a synthetic hormone that mimics the effects of progesterone). Around day 21 of the 28-day cycle, administration of estrogen and progestin is stopped for 7 days. Low levels of progesterone result in Select one: a. suppression of GnRH in the hypothalamus and FSH and LH in the anterior pituitary b. menstruation, as the endometrium is maintained by progesterone c. increased levels of FSH and LH, resulting in a mature follicle d. increased levels of estrogen released by the corpus luteumarrow_forward
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