To describe:
The normal anatomy and physiology of the renal system.
Introduction:
Explanation of Solution
Pictorial representation:
The normal anatomy and physiology of the renal system are described below:
The principal system that is involved in the excretion of waste is the urinary system. From the blood, the metabolic waste is removed by the kidney. The kidney plays an important role in regulating blood pressure and blood volume. The back of the abdominal cavity is the place where the kidney (bean shaped) is located. Vertebrae T12 to L3 is the level where the kidney lies. The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right kidney (lower). This is due to the large right lobe of the liver that occupies the space above the right kidney. The middle part of the left kidney is nearly crossed by Rib 12. The kidneys are retroperitoneal, along with the renal artery, vein, ureters, adrenal glands, and the urinary bladder.
The structural unit of the kidney is referred to as nephron. One million nephrons are present in each kidney. The filtering process takes in the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a bunch of capillaries that is encapsulated by the glomerular capsule. The time taken for filtering the blood is called as glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The glomerular filtration rate is controlled by the afferent arterioles (approaching the glomerulus) and the efferent arterioles (exiting the glomerulus). The proximal tubule or proximal convoluted tubule plays an important role in returning 60% - 70% of water and sodium from the filtered fluid into the blood. The nephron is surrounded by the blood vessels that permit the reabsorbed substances directly to reach the blood stream. This process (one of the active transport) needs the adenosine triphosphate molecule as an energy source. The active transportation of potassium and sodium ions returns back into the bloodstream, which is known as passive reabsorption (water and chloride). The water and chloride ions follow (passively) the potassium and sodium ions by means of osmosis. The loop of Henle (ascending) is the area where 20% - 25% of sodium ion is reabsorbed back into the blood. In the loop of Henle, sodium is passively reabsorbed, and chloride is actively reabsorbed.
In the distal convoluted tubule or distal tubule, the remaining (5%-10%) sodium is reabsorbed. The sodium ion is actively filtered in the distal tubule. This process is controlled by aldosterone. The final pathway (common) for the remains that begin in the glomerulus is called as collecting duct. The antidiuretic hormone plays an important role to raise water absorption (into the blood). Hence, excess water is prevented from being excreted in the urine.
The glomerular filtration rate’s measurement is used in the detection of some kidney diseases. Yet, the quantity of NaCl could not be assumed by the glomerular filtration rate; there are two causes to explain this reason. (1) The glomerulus is not able to filter the NaCl in urine that is produced by the renal tubule. (2) The tubule reabsorbs all the NaCl that the glomerulus has filtered.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 28 Solutions
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 8e
- overview of the neurological system, cranial nerves and what part of the body it innervatesarrow_forwarddifferentiate structure and function of the peripheral vascular system. what are the normal and abnormal findings of the peripheral arterioles and peripheral venous systemarrow_forwardAn overview of the skin, hair and nails epidermal appendages normal and abnormal findingsarrow_forward
- differentiate the twelve cranial nerves and how to test themarrow_forwardWhat are the nursing interventions for patients with GI problems ? What is the priority ?arrow_forwardAdult Nutrition Assessment Date of consultation: 3/2/25 Reason for Nutrition Assessment: Mrs. Clover was referred to the RD from the ER physician; patient experiencing weight loss, SOB & Edema Nutrition Assessment Data 69 YOF Ht 157 cm, Wt 53 kg. BMI 21.7 Usual wt 55 kg Heart: slight physiologic murmur; lungs: clear; extremities: 3+ edema to bilateral lower legs; elevated BP, abdomen: soft, nontender, active bowel sounds; neurologic: unremarkable; skin: diminished skin tugor. Biochemical Data BUN 72, Creatinine 4.6, Calcium 7.2, Phosphorus 7.3, glucose 105, BNP 720, Albumin 2.0, Na 125, K 3.3, CI 93. Hgb 11.5, Hct 33.2, ALT 29, AST 36, Alkaline phosphatase 120, other relevant labs pending result. Medications Include inhalers, Cymbalta, Neurontin, Seroquel, and topiramate, prilosec, solumedrol, rocephin, zithromax, NaCl 0.45%+50 MEQ sodium bicarbonate @100 ml/hr. No history of herbal supplements. Since her pneumonia diagnosis several days ago, she has felt too weak to prepare meals, she…arrow_forward
- Assuming you are a community health nurse, choose a community of your own and perform practically the following and report your findings: a. Community Assessment b. Community Diagnosisarrow_forwardDescribe practically how you would use a standing order in the diagnosis and treatment of a 10-year-old primary school pupil with a complaint of haematuria at the end of the urine.arrow_forwardSimple explanations, please. B. Why is an accurate diagnosis of malnutrition important? H. Is BMI a food indicator of malnutrition? I. Can an overweight/obese patient develop malnutrition? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- How is the severity of malnutrition determined based off the table? Simple explanation please.arrow_forwardDiscuss on: 1. Peptic Ulcer disease Aetiology 2. Classification of drugs used in the treatment of PUD 3. Triple therapy of PUD 4. Drugs Contraindicated in PUDarrow_forwardCATH LAB FUNDAMENTALS I WORKSHEET #2 Patient #1 NAME: AO 232/112 M CaO2 ml/L LV 232/25 CvO2 ml/L RA M 17 C.O. L/Min RV 61/17 S.V. ml/beat PA 61/25 M C.I. L/Min/M2 PAW M 25 S.I. ml/beat/M2 Hgb 10.3 S.V.R Dynes/sec/cm5 Hct % T.P.R Dynes/sec/cm5 PA Sat 56% P.V.R Dynes/sec/cm5 AO Sat 81% BSA M2 HR 113 BPM 02 Cons. 233 ml/min Ht _5_ft_10_in Wt. _330_lbs Patient#2 AO 78/46 M CaO2 ml/L LV 78/10 CvO2 ml/L RA M---7 C.O. L/Min RV 21/7 S.V. ml/beat PA 21/12 M C.I. L/Min/M2 PAW M- 12- S.I. S.V.R ml/beat/M2 Dynes/sec/cm5 Hct 45%…arrow_forward
Phlebotomy EssentialsNursingISBN:9781451194524Author:Ruth McCall, Cathee M. Tankersley MT(ASCP)Publisher:JONES+BARTLETT PUBLISHERS, INC.
Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Profession...NursingISBN:9780323414425Author:Robert J Hubert BSPublisher:Saunders
Fundamentals Of NursingNursingISBN:9781496362179Author:Taylor, Carol (carol R.), LYNN, Pamela (pamela Barbara), Bartlett, Jennifer L.Publisher:Wolters Kluwer,
Fundamentals of Nursing, 9eNursingISBN:9780323327404Author:Patricia A. Potter RN MSN PhD FAAN, Anne Griffin Perry RN EdD FAAN, Patricia Stockert RN BSN MS PhD, Amy Hall RN BSN MS PhD CNEPublisher:Elsevier Science
Study Guide for Gould's Pathophysiology for the H...NursingISBN:9780323414142Author:Hubert BS, Robert J; VanMeter PhD, Karin C.Publisher:Saunders
Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (Min...NursingISBN:9781337406291Author:Gerald Corey, Marianne Schneider Corey, Cindy CoreyPublisher:Cengage Learning