Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260494570
Author: Raven, Peter
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 27, Problem 3S
Use of multiple antibiotics is not a bad idea if ill of the bacteria are killed. In the case of sane persistent infections, this is an effective strategy. However, it does provide very strong selective pressure for rare genetic events that procure multiple resistances in a single bacterial species. For this reason, it is not a good idea for it be the normal practice The more bacteria that undergo this election for multiple resistance, the more likely a will arise. This is helped by patients not taking their entire course of antibiotic because bacteria may survive by chance and proliferate, with each generation providing the opportunity for new mutations. This is also complicated by the horizontal transfer of resistance via resistance plasmids, and by the existence of transposable genetic elements that can move genes from one piece of DMA to another.
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From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine"
Each
year,
the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two
strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes an area that
sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect.
However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is...
O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human
immune cells.
O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time.
Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shiclding them from human immune
cells.
O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack.
O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.
Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the blood of an individual known to have been recently exposed to both rhinovirus (RV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb; an intracellular bacterial pathogen). Although an effective T cell response against RV was detected, a T cell response against M.tb was absent. Subsequently, genetic testing was performed, and the individual was found to possess two mutations. Below, indicate the MOST LIKELY mutations.
A. T-bet; IL-12
B. CD28: IL-2Ra
C. RORyT: IL-17
D. CD3: CD4
min+ = confers resistance to minocycline
cep+ = confers resistance to cephalexin
van+ = confers resistance to vancomycin
The following table shows the results of your experiments. Transformation of the recipient cells was conducted, using the DNA of the donor cells. You next selected for recipient cells that had undergone transformation by plating the transformed cells on media containing minocycline. This enabled you to select for min+ cells. The min+ cells were then replica plated onto media containing cephalexin or vancomycin in order to determine the antibiotic resistance phenotypes with respect to these other two antibiotics
Questions
a) Of the three potential orders of these genes, which orders are possible and which are impossible based on your knowledge of the relative distance?
b) Finally, determine the correct order of the three genes. Please include a DIAGRAM to illustrate how you deduced the correct gene order, as well as an explanation of your reasoning.
Chapter 27 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.1 - Describe classification systems for prokaryotes.Ch. 27.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.4 - Describe the metabolic strategies employed by...
Ch. 27.4 - Compare and contrast the ways prokaryotes can...Ch. 27.5 - Describe the role of prokaryotes in biogeochemical...Ch. 27.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27 - Data analysis If the excision of an F plasmid Is...Ch. 27 - Prob. 1IQCh. 27 - Prob. 1UCh. 27 - A bacteria that obtains carbon from the atmosphere...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3UCh. 27 - Bacteria and archaebacteria may be distinguished...Ch. 27 - Prob. 5UCh. 27 - Prob. 6UCh. 27 - Prob. 7UCh. 27 - Prob. 1ACh. 27 - Prob. 2ACh. 27 - Prob. 3ACh. 27 - Prob. 4ACh. 27 - Prob. 5ACh. 27 - Some bacteria are capable of forming NH4+ from...Ch. 27 - Prob. 7ACh. 27 - Prob. 1SCh. 27 - Prob. 2SCh. 27 - Use of multiple antibiotics is not a bad idea if...Ch. 27 - Soil-based nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be...
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