Elements Of Modern Algebra
Elements Of Modern Algebra
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781285965918
Author: Gilbert
Publisher: Cengage
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By definition, the term probability is expressed as a part of mathematics where the chance of an event that may either occur or not is evaluated and expressed in numerical terms. The range of the value within which probability can be expressed is between…
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Chapter 2.6, Problem 2E

a. Verify that [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] = [ 4 ] in ℤ 5 . b. Verify that [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] = [ 6 ] in ℤ 7 .

c. Evaluate [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] in ℤ 4 . d. Evaluate [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] in ℤ 6 .

e. Evaluate 4 [ 3 ] in ℤ 4 . f. Evaluate 4 [ 2 ] in ℤ 4 .

g. Evaluate 5 [ 2 ] in ℤ 5 . h. Evaluate 5 [ 4 ] in ℤ 5 .

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Elements Of Modern Algebra

Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 9TFECh. 2.1 - Prob. 10TFE
Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises 111 hold...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the equalities in Exercises hold for...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 2.1 - Let A be a set of integers closed under...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 15ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises , prove the statements concerning the...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 13-24, prove the statements...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 1324, prove the statements concerning...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.1 - 25. Prove that if and are integers and, then...Ch. 2.1 - Prove that the cancellation law for multiplication...Ch. 2.1 - Let x and y be in Z, not both zero, then x2+y2Z+.Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 28ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 30ECh. 2.1 - 31. Prove that if is positive and is negative,...Ch. 2.1 - 32. Prove that if is positive and is positive,...Ch. 2.1 - 33. Prove that if is positive and is negative,...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.1 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises are true...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 5ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 11ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 2.2 - Prove that the statements in Exercises 116 are...Ch. 2.2 - 17. Use mathematical induction to prove that the...Ch. 2.2 - Let be integers, and let be positive integers....Ch. 2.2 - Let xandy be integers, and let mandn be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Let xandy be integers, and let mandn be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Let x and y be integers, and let m and n be...Ch. 2.2 - Let x and y be integers, and let m and n be...Ch. 2.2 - Let and be integers, and let and be positive...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 26ECh. 2.2 - Use the equation (nr1)+(nr)=(n+1r) for 1rn. And...Ch. 2.2 - Use the equation. (nr1)+(nr)=(n+1r) for 1rn....Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.2 - In Exercise 3236 use mathematical induction to...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 37ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.2 - Exercise can be generalized as follows: If and...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 2.2 - Prob. 42ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise , use generalized induction to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 2.2 - In Exercise 4145, use generalized induction to...Ch. 2.2 - Use generalized induction and Exercise 43 to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Use generalized induction and Exercise 43 to prove...Ch. 2.2 - Assume the statement from Exercise 30 in section...Ch. 2.2 - Show that if the statement is assumed to be true...Ch. 2.2 - Show that if the statement 1+2+3+...+n=n(n+1)2+2...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence a1=1,a2=4,...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence a1=0,a2=30,...Ch. 2.2 - Given the recursively defined sequence , and , use...Ch. 2.2 - The Fibonacci sequence fn=1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,... is...Ch. 2.2 - Let f1,f2,...,fn be permutations on a nonempty set...Ch. 2.2 - Define powers of a permutation on by the...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.3 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.3 - Label each of the following statement as either...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 10TFECh. 2.3 - Prob. 1ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the q and...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the q and...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 8ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and ...Ch. 2.3 - Write and as given in Exercises, find the and...Ch. 2.3 - Write a and b as given in Exercises 316, find the...Ch. 2.3 - 17. If a,b and c are integers such that ab and ac,...Ch. 2.3 - Let R be the relation defined on the set of...Ch. 2.3 - 19. If and are integers with and . Prove that...Ch. 2.3 - Let a,b,c and d be integers such that ab and cd....Ch. 2.3 - Prove that if and are integers such that and ,...Ch. 2.3 - Prove that if and are integers such that and ,...Ch. 2.3 - Let a and b be integers such that ab and ba. Prove...Ch. 2.3 - Let , and be integers . Prove or disprove that ...Ch. 2.3 - Let ,, and be integers. Prove or disprove that ...Ch. 2.3 - 26. Let be an integer. Prove that . (Hint:...Ch. 2.3 - Let a be an integer. Prove that 3|a(a+1)(a+2)....Ch. 2.3 - Let a be an odd integer. Prove that 8|(a21).Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.3 - Let be as described in the proof of Theorem. Give...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 31ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 32ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 43ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 44ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 45ECh. 2.3 - In Exercises, use mathematical induction to prove...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 47ECh. 2.3 - Prob. 48ECh. 2.3 - 49. a. The binomial coefficients are defined in...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.4 - Prob. 9TFECh. 2.4 - Prob. 10TFECh. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - True or false Label each of the following...Ch. 2.4 - List all the primes lessthan 100.Ch. 2.4 - For each of the following pairs, write andin...Ch. 2.4 - In each part, find the greatest common divisor...Ch. 2.4 - Find the smallest integer in the given set. { and ...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if p and q are distinct primes, then...Ch. 2.4 - Show that n2n+5 is a prime integer when n=1,2,3,4...Ch. 2.4 - If a0 and ab, then prove or disprove that (a,b)=a.Ch. 2.4 - If , prove . Ch. 2.4 - Let , and be integers such that . Prove that if ,...Ch. 2.4 - Let be a nonzero integer and a positive integer....Ch. 2.4 - Let ac and bc, and (a,b)=1, prove that ab divides...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if , , and , then . Ch. 2.4 - Let and . Prove or disprove that . Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.4 - Let r0=b0. With the notation used in the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.4 - Prove that if n is a positive integer greater than...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.4 - Let (a,b)=1 and (a,c)=1. Prove or disprove that...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.4 - Let (a,b)=1. Prove that (a,bn)=1 for all positive...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if m0 and (a,b) exists, then...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that if d=(a,b), a=a0d, and b=b0d, then...Ch. 2.4 - Prove that the least common multiple of two...Ch. 2.4 - Let and be positive integers. If and is the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 2.4 - Let , and be three nonzero integers. Use...Ch. 2.4 - Find the greatest common divisor of a,b, and c and...Ch. 2.4 - Use the second principle of Finite Induction to...Ch. 2.4 - Use the fact that 3 is a prime to prove that there...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.4 - Prove that 23 is not a rational number.Ch. 2.5 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.5 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.5 - In this exercise set, all variables are...Ch. 2.5 - In this exercise set, all variables are...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Find a solution x, 0xn, for each of the...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.5 - Find a solution , , for each of the congruences ...Ch. 2.5 - 25. Complete the proof of Theorem : If and is...Ch. 2.5 - Complete the proof of Theorem 2.24: If ab(modn)...Ch. 2.5 - Prove that if a+xa+y(modn), then xy(modn).Ch. 2.5 - 28. If and where , prove that . Ch. 2.5 - 29. Find the least positive integer that is...Ch. 2.5 - 30. Prove that any positive integer is congruent...Ch. 2.5 - 31. If , prove that for every positive integer . Ch. 2.5 - 32. Prove that if is an integer, then either or...Ch. 2.5 - Prove or disprove that if n is odd, then...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 34ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 45ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 47ECh. 2.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences in Exercises, and may not be...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences ax b (mod n) in Exercises...Ch. 2.5 - In the congruences axb(modn) in Exercises 4053, a...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 53ECh. 2.5 - 54. Let be a prime integer. Prove Fermat's Little...Ch. 2.5 - 55. Prove the Chinese Remainder Theorem: Let , , ....Ch. 2.5 - 56. Solve the following systems of congruences. ...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 57ECh. 2.5 - a. Prove that 10n(1)n(mod11) for every positive...Ch. 2.6 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.6 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.6 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 6TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 7TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 8TFECh. 2.6 - Prob. 1ECh. 2.6 - a. Verify that [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ]=[ 4 ] in 5. b....Ch. 2.6 - Make addition tables for each of the following....Ch. 2.6 - Make multiplication tables for each of the...Ch. 2.6 - Find the multiplicative inverse of each given...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.6 - Find all zero divisors in each of the following n....Ch. 2.6 - Whenever possible, find a solution for each of the...Ch. 2.6 - Let [ a ] be an element of n that has a...Ch. 2.6 - Solve each of the following equations by finding [...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise, Solve the systems of equations in. ...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise, Solve the systems of equations...Ch. 2.6 - In Exercise 1114, Solve the systems of equations...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.6 - Prove Theorem. Theorem 2.30 Multiplication...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 19ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.6 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.6 - Prove that a nonzero element in is a zero divisor...Ch. 2.7 - True or False Label each of the following...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 2TFECh. 2.7 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.7 - Prob. 4TFECh. 2.7 - Suppose 4- bit words abcd are mapped onto 5- bit...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.7 - Suppose a codding scheme is devised that maps -bit...Ch. 2.7 - Suppose the probability of erroneously...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.7 - Suppose the probability of incorrectly...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 9ECh. 2.7 - Is the identification number 11257402 correct if...Ch. 2.7 - Show that the check digit in bank identification...Ch. 2.7 - Suppose that the check digit is computed as...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.7 - Verify that the check digit in a UPC symbol...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 19ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 2.8 - Label each of the following statements as either...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2TFECh. 2.8 - Prob. 3TFECh. 2.8 - In the -letter alphabet A described in Example,...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 3ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 4ECh. 2.8 - In the -letter alphabet described in Example, use...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 6ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 7ECh. 2.8 - Use the alphabet C from the preceding problem and...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in a long ciphertext message the...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in a long ciphertext message the...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose the alphabet consists of a through z, in...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose the alphabet consists of a through, in...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 13ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 14ECh. 2.8 - a. Excluding the identity cipher, how many...Ch. 2.8 - Rework Example 5 by breaking the message into...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem,...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem,...Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem....Ch. 2.8 - Suppose that in an RSA Public Key Cryptosystem....Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 21ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 22ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 23ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 24ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 25ECh. 2.8 - Prob. 26E
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