The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens. Introduction: The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Answer 6

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Answer 7

Chapter 26, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The immune system has levels at which it defends the body against pathogens.

Physical barriers make up the first level of defense, by preventing the pathogens from entering and establishing infection in the body. The skin, hair in the nose and ears, and the mucus membranes are examples of physical barriers. They also secrete some chemicals that stop the growth of pathogens.

Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that attack all foreign objects, without specifically attacking one type of pathogen. This type of defense is rapid and is seen in almost all multicellular organisms. This is also called innate immunity since we are born with it.

Specific immunity refers to the cells and molecules that recognize specific pathogens, remember them and attack them strongly when they re-enter the body. This is slow to activate, but offers the best protection once activated. This is also called adaptive immunity.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Physical barriers are the surfaces such as the skin, hair and the mucus membranes, that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Non-specific immunity refers to the immune cells that recognize any foreign object and attack it rapidly, without being specific to one pathogen. Specific immunity refers to the immune cells and molecules that recognize and fight off specific pathogens, that the body has been previously exposed to.

Answer 12

Ch. 26 - Prob. 1SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 2SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 3SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 4SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 5SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 6SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 7SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 8SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 9SA Ch. 26 - Prob. 10SA

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens. Introduction: The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

To review: The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens. Introduction: The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 26 Solutions

To review:

The three ways in which the immune system combats pathogens.

Introduction:

The immune system is said to have three lines of defense – physical, non-specific and specific.