
WebAssign Printed Access Card for Aufmann/Lockwood/Nation/Clegg's Mathematical Excursions, 4th Edition, Single-Term
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781337652445
Author: Richard N. Aufmann, Joanne Lockwood, Richard D. Nation, Daniel K. Clegg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Textbook Question
Chapter 2.5, Problem 3EE
Use sets toshow that
Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
For each of the following series, determine whether the absolute convergence series test
determines absolute convergence or fails. For the ¿th series, if the test is inconclusive then let
Mi = 4, while if the test determines absolute convergence let Mi
1 :
2:
∞
Σ(−1)"+¹ sin(2n);
n=1
Σ
n=1
Σ
((−1)”.
COS
n²
3+2n4
3: (+
4:
5 :
n=1
∞
n
2+5n3
ПП
n²
2 5+2n3
пп
n²
Σ(+)+
n=1
∞
n=1
COS
4
2 3+8n3
П
ηπ
n-
(−1)+1 sin (+727) 5 + 2m³
4
= 8.
Then the value of cos(M₁) + cos(2M2) + cos(3M3) + sin(2M) + sin(M5) is
-0.027
-0.621
-1.794
-1.132
-1.498
-4.355
-2.000
2.716
i need help with this question i tried by myself and so i am uploadding the question to be quided with step by step solution and please do not use chat gpt i am trying to learn thank you.
i need help with this question i tried by myself and so i am uploadding the question to be quided with step by step solution and please do not use chat gpt i am trying to learn thank you.
Chapter 2 Solutions
WebAssign Printed Access Card for Aufmann/Lockwood/Nation/Clegg's Mathematical Excursions, 4th Edition, Single-Term
Ch. 2.1 - Mark, Erica, Larry, and Jennifer have each defined...Ch. 2.1 - In some fuzzy sets, membership values are given by...Ch. 2.1 - The following membership graph provides a...Ch. 2.1 - The membership graphs in the following figure...Ch. 2.1 - The membership graph in Excursion Exercise 2 shows...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 2ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 3ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 4ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 5ES
Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 6ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 7ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 8ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 9ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 10ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 11ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 12ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises I to 14, use the roster method to...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 14ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 15ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 15 to 24, write a word description of...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 15 to 24, write a word description of...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 15 to 24, write a word description of...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 19ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 20ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 21ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 22ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 23ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 24ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 25 to 36, determine whether each...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 26ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 27ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 28ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 29ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 25 to 36, determine whether each...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 31ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 32ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 33ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 34ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 35ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 36ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 37ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 38ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 39ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 40ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 37 to 48, use set-builder notation to...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 42ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 43ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 44ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 45ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 46ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 47ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 48ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 49ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 50ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 51ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 52ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 53ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 54ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 55ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 56ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 57ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 58ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 59ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 60ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 61ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 62ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 63ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 63 to 70, state whether each of the...Ch. 2.1 - In Exercises 63 to 70, state whether each of the...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 66ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 67ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 68ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 69ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 70ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 71ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 72ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 73ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 74ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 75ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 76ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 77ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 78ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 79ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 80ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 81ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 82ESCh. 2.1 - In Exercises 83 to 86, use the extension of...Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 84ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 85ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 86ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 87ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 88ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 89ESCh. 2.1 - Prob. 90ESCh. 2.2 - Let K = {(1, 0.4), (2, 0.6), (3,0.8), (4, 1)) and...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2EECh. 2.2 - Prob. 3EECh. 2.2 - Prob. 4EECh. 2.2 - Prob. 5EECh. 2.2 - Prob. 1ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 2ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 3ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 4ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 5ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 6ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 7ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 8ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 9ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 10ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 11ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 12ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 13ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 14ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 15ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 16ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 17ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 18ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 19ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 20ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 21ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 22ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 23ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 24ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 25ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 26ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 27ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 28ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 29ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 30ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 31ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 32ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 33ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 34ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 35ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 36ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 37ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 38ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 39ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 40ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 41ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 42ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 43ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 44ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 45ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 46ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 47ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 48ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 49ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 50ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 51ESCh. 2.2 - In Exercises 47 to 54, find the number of subsets...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 53ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 54ESCh. 2.2 - Suppose you have a nickel, two dimes, and a...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 56ESCh. 2.2 - Sandwich Choices A delicatessen makes a...Ch. 2.2 - Upgrade Options A company that builds homes...Ch. 2.2 - Omelet Choices A restaurant provides a brunch...Ch. 2.2 - Truck Options A truck company makes a pickup truck...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 61ESCh. 2.2 - Prob. 62ESCh. 2.2 - Voting Coalitions Five people, designated A, B, C,...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 64ESCh. 2.3 - En Excursion Exercise I of Section 2.1, we defined...Ch. 2.3 - En Excursion Exercise I of Section 2.1, we defined...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 3EECh. 2.3 - En Excursion Exercise I of Section 2.1, we defined...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 5EECh. 2.3 - Prob. 6EECh. 2.3 - Prob. 7EECh. 2.3 - Prob. 1ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 2ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 3ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 4ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 5ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 6ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 7ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 8ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 9ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 10ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 11ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 12ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 13ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 14ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 15ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 16ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 17ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 18ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 19ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 20ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 21ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 22ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 23ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 24ESCh. 2.3 - In Exercises 21 to 28, write a sentence that...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 26ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 27ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 28ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 29ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 30ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 31ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 32ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 33ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 34ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 35ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 36ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 37ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 38ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 39ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 40ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 41ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 42ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 43ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 44ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 45ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 46ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 47ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 48ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 49ESCh. 2.3 - Subtractive Color Mixing Artists who paint with...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 51ESCh. 2.3 - Subtractive Color Mixing Artists who paint with...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 53ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 54ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 55ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 56ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 57ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 58ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 59ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 60ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 61ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 62ESCh. 2.3 - A Survey Aspecial interest group plans to conduct...Ch. 2.3 - A Music Survey Theadministrators of an Internet...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 65ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 66ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 67ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 68ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 69ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 70ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 71ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 72ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 73ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 74ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 75ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 76ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 77ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 78ESCh. 2.3 - Prob. 79ESCh. 2.3 - In an article in New Scientist magazine, Anthony...Ch. 2.4 - A selection committee consists of Ryan, Susan. and...Ch. 2.4 - A selection committee consists of three people...Ch. 2.4 - Determine the minimal winning coalitions for the...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 1ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 2ESCh. 2.4 - In Exercises I to 10, let U = English, French,...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 4ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 5ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 6ESCh. 2.4 - In Exercises I to 10, let U = English, French,...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 8ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 9ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 10ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 11ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 12ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 13ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 14ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 15ESCh. 2.4 - Given n(A) = 640, n(B) = 280, and n(A U B) = 765,...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 17ESCh. 2.4 - In Exercises 17 and 18, use the given information...Ch. 2.4 - In a surveyof 600 investors, it was reported that...Ch. 2.4 - Commuting A survey of 1500 commuters in New York...Ch. 2.4 - A team physician has determined that of all the...Ch. 2.4 - The management of a hotel conducted a survey. ft...Ch. 2.4 - A computer company advertises its computers in PC...Ch. 2.4 - During one month, a blood donation center found...Ch. 2.4 - A special interest group has conducted a survey...Ch. 2.4 - A survey of college students was taken to...Ch. 2.4 - A survey was completed by individuals who were...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 28ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 29ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 30ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 31ESCh. 2.4 - Prob. 32ESCh. 2.5 - Use two disjoint sets to show that 0+2=0.Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 2EECh. 2.5 - Use sets toshow that 06=0.Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 1ESCh. 2.5 - Establish a one-to-one correspondence between the...Ch. 2.5 - Establish a one-to-one correspondence between D =...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 4ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 5ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 4 to 10, state the cardinality of...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 7ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 8ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 9ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 10ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 11ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 11 to 14, determine whether the given...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 13ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 14ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 15ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 15 to 18, show that the given set is...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 17ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 18ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 19 to 26, show that the given set has...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 20ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 21ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 19 to 26, show that the given set has...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 23ESCh. 2.5 - In Exercises 19 to 26, show that the given set has...Ch. 2.5 - In Exercises 19 to 26, show that the given set has...Ch. 2.5 - In Exercises 19 to 26, show that the given set has...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 27ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 28ESCh. 2.5 - Prob. 29ESCh. 2.5 - The Hubert Hotel is an imaginary hotel created by...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1RECh. 2 - In Exercises 1 to 6, use the roster method to...Ch. 2 - Prob. 3RECh. 2 - Prob. 4RECh. 2 - Prob. 5RECh. 2 - Prob. 6RECh. 2 - Prob. 7RECh. 2 - Prob. 8RECh. 2 - Prob. 9RECh. 2 - Prob. 10RECh. 2 - Prob. 11RECh. 2 - Prob. 12RECh. 2 - Prob. 13RECh. 2 - Prob. 14RECh. 2 - Prob. 15RECh. 2 - Prob. 16RECh. 2 - Prob. 17RECh. 2 - Prob. 18RECh. 2 - Prob. 19RECh. 2 - Prob. 20RECh. 2 - Prob. 21RECh. 2 - Prob. 22RECh. 2 - Prob. 23RECh. 2 - Prob. 24RECh. 2 - Prob. 25RECh. 2 - Prob. 26RECh. 2 - Prob. 27RECh. 2 - Prob. 28RECh. 2 - Prob. 29RECh. 2 - Prob. 30RECh. 2 - Prob. 31RECh. 2 - Prob. 32RECh. 2 - Prob. 33RECh. 2 - Prob. 34RECh. 2 - Prob. 35RECh. 2 - Prob. 36RECh. 2 - In Exercises 35 to 38, find the number of subsets...Ch. 2 - Prob. 38RECh. 2 - Prob. 39RECh. 2 - Prob. 40RECh. 2 - Prob. 41RECh. 2 - Prob. 42RECh. 2 - Prob. 43RECh. 2 - Prob. 44RECh. 2 - Prob. 45RECh. 2 - Prob. 46RECh. 2 - Prob. 47RECh. 2 - Prob. 48RECh. 2 - Prob. 49RECh. 2 - Prob. 50RECh. 2 - Prob. 51RECh. 2 - Prob. 52RECh. 2 - In a survey at a health club, 208 members...Ch. 2 - A gourmet coffee bar conducted a survey to...Ch. 2 - Prob. 55RECh. 2 - Prob. 56RECh. 2 - Prob. 57RECh. 2 - Prob. 58RECh. 2 - Prob. 59RECh. 2 - Prob. 60RECh. 2 - Prob. 61RECh. 2 - Prob. 62RECh. 2 - Prob. 63RECh. 2 - Prob. 64RECh. 2 - Prob. 65RECh. 2 - Prob. 66RECh. 2 - Prob. 67RECh. 2 - Prob. 68RECh. 2 - Prob. 69RECh. 2 - Prob. 70RECh. 2 - Prob. 71RECh. 2 - Prob. 72RECh. 2 - Prob. 1TCh. 2 - Prob. 2TCh. 2 - Prob. 3TCh. 2 - Prob. 4TCh. 2 - Prob. 5TCh. 2 - Prob. 6TCh. 2 - Prob. 7TCh. 2 - Prob. 8TCh. 2 - Prob. 9TCh. 2 - Prob. 10TCh. 2 - Prob. 11TCh. 2 - Prob. 12TCh. 2 - Prob. 13TCh. 2 - Prob. 14TCh. 2 - Upgrade Options An automobile company makes a...Ch. 2 - Student Demographics A college finds that 841 of...Ch. 2 - The following bar graph shows the monthly...Ch. 2 - A survey of 1000 households was taken to determine...Ch. 2 - Show a method that can be used to establish a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 20T
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, subject and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Class, the class silues, and the class notes, whether the series does alternate and the absolute values of the terms decrease), and if the test does apply, determine whether the series converges or diverges. For the ith series, if the test does not apply the let Mi = 2, while if the test determines divergence then M¿ = 4, and if it determines convergence then M¿ = 8. 1: 2: 3 : 4: 5 : ∞ n=1 ∞ (−1)n+1. Σ(-1) +1 n=1 ∞ п 3m² +2 Σ(-1)+1 sin(2n). n=1 ∞ 2n² + 2n +3 4n2 +6 1 e-n + n² 3n23n+1 9n² +3 In(n + 1) 2n+1 Σ(-1) +1 n=1 ∞ Σ(-1)". n=1 Then the value of cos(M₁) + cos(2M2) + cos(3M3) + sin(2M4) + sin(M5) is 1.715 0.902 0.930 -1.647 -0.057 ● 2.013 1.141 4.274arrow_forward3. FCX14) = x²+3xx-y3 +.arrow_forwardBH is tangent to circle A and DF is a diameter. I don't know where to go from here. May you help please?arrow_forward
- A cylindrical chemical storage tank with a capacity of 950m3 is going to be constructed in a warehouse that is 11m by 14m with a height of 10m. The specifications call for the case to be made of sheet metal that costs $90/m2, the top to be made from sheet metal that costs $45/m2 and the wall to be made of sheet metal that costs $80/m2. If you want to minimize the cost to make the storage house, how much would you end up spending to build the tank?arrow_forwardCalculate the max value of the directional derivatearrow_forwardselect bmw stock. you can assume the price of the stockarrow_forward
- This problem is based on the fundamental option pricing formula for the continuous-time model developed in class, namely the value at time 0 of an option with maturity T and payoff F is given by: We consider the two options below: Fo= -rT = e Eq[F]. 1 A. An option with which you must buy a share of stock at expiration T = 1 for strike price K = So. B. An option with which you must buy a share of stock at expiration T = 1 for strike price K given by T K = T St dt. (Note that both options can have negative payoffs.) We use the continuous-time Black- Scholes model to price these options. Assume that the interest rate on the money market is r. (a) Using the fundamental option pricing formula, find the price of option A. (Hint: use the martingale properties developed in the lectures for the stock price process in order to calculate the expectations.) (b) Using the fundamental option pricing formula, find the price of option B. (c) Assuming the interest rate is very small (r ~0), use Taylor…arrow_forwardQuestion 1. Prove that the function f(x) = 2; f: (2,3] → R, is not uniformly continuous on (2,3].arrow_forwardCalculus III May I please have the example, definition semicolons, and all blanks completed and solved? Thank you so much,arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic GeometryAlgebraISBN:9781133382119Author:SwokowskiPublisher:CengageAlgebra: Structure And Method, Book 1AlgebraISBN:9780395977224Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. ColePublisher:McDougal Littell
- College Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Geometry for College StudentsGeometryISBN:9781285195698Author:Daniel C. Alexander, Geralyn M. KoeberleinPublisher:Cengage LearningHolt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry
Algebra
ISBN:9781133382119
Author:Swokowski
Publisher:Cengage


Algebra: Structure And Method, Book 1
Algebra
ISBN:9780395977224
Author:Richard G. Brown, Mary P. Dolciani, Robert H. Sorgenfrey, William L. Cole
Publisher:McDougal Littell

College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Elementary Geometry for College Students
Geometry
ISBN:9781285195698
Author:Daniel C. Alexander, Geralyn M. Koeberlein
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Finite State Machine (Finite Automata); Author: Neso Academy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa6csfkK7_I;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Finite State Machine (Prerequisites); Author: Neso Academy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpIBUeyOuv8;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY