The homolysis of a C-H bond can occur at three distinct locations on to 1, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane , yielding three different free radicals. The structure of each radical is to be drawn, and they are to be ranked in order from the least stable to the most stable. Concept introduction: The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected, is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or homolysis. In hemolysis, generally radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is broken down equally, and each atom acquires a single electron, which is called a radical, and a single barbed arrow ( ) is used to represent the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy . The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1 o radical < 2 o radical < 3 o radical . Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocations, the electron-donating groups increase the stability of the radical.

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Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.4P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The homolysis of a C-H bond can occur at three distinct locations on to 1, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, yielding three different free radicals. The structure of each radical is to be drawn, and they are to be ranked in order from the least stable to the most stable.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected, is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or homolysis. In hemolysis, generally radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is broken down equally, and each atom acquires a single electron, which is called a radical, and a single barbed arrow () is used to represent the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocations, the electron-donating groups increase the stability of the radical.

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Draw the product of the following reaction sequence. Ignore any inorganic byproducts formed. H O 1. (CH3CH2)2CuLi, THF 2. CHзBr Drawing

Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.4P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The homolysis of a C-H bond can occur at three distinct locations on to 1, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, yielding three different free radicals. The structure of each radical is to be drawn, and they are to be ranked in order from the least stable to the most stable.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected, is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or homolysis. In hemolysis, generally radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is broken down equally, and each atom acquires a single electron, which is called a radical, and a single barbed arrow () is used to represent the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocations, the electron-donating groups increase the stability of the radical.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.4P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The homolysis of a C-H bond can occur at three distinct locations on to 1, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexane, yielding three different free radicals. The structure of each radical is to be drawn, and they are to be ranked in order from the least stable to the most stable.

Concept introduction:

The breaking of a covalent bond, whereby the electrons making up that bond are distributed equally to the atoms which are disconnected, is known as the homolytic bond dissociation or homolysis. In hemolysis, generally radicals are formed. In homolysis, a covalent bond is broken down equally, and each atom acquires a single electron, which is called a radical, and a single barbed arrow () is used to represent the movement of a single electron in a homolysis process. In homolysis, the radicals from breaking of the weakest bond of the molecule give the major products. The weakest bond possesses the smallest bond dissociation energy. The stability order for radicals is methyl radical < 1oradical < 2oradical < 3oradical. Since radicals are electron-poor like carbocations, the electron-donating groups increase the stability of the radical.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 25, Problem 25.4P

Interpretation Introduction