Chapter 23, Problem 23.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The general rule concerning the order in which electrons is removed from a transition metal atom to make ions has to be explained with one of the example from group $5B\left(5\right).$

Concept introduction:

The element in the periodic table and count its position in the respective transition series. These elements are in Periods 5 and 6, so the general configuration is

  $\left[noblegas\right]n{s}^2\left(n-1\right)d^x.$

The ions, we recall that ns electrons are lost first.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The types of measurements used to study electronic configuration of ions has to be given.

Concept introduction:

The element in the periodic table and count its position in the respective transition series. These elements are in Periods 5 and 6, so the general configuration is

  $\left[noblegas\right]n{s}^2\left(n-1\right)d^x.$

The ions, we recall that $ns$ electrons are lost first.

$ns$ has lowest ionization energy so it removed first it’s also called as ionization energy.