(a) To write: The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system. Introduction: The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The ways by which the pathogenic strains of the Staphylococcus bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The staphylococci are the bacteria, which generally live in the human body in an inactivated form. There are certain strains of the Staphylococci, which are highly pathogenic and disarm the host's immune system.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In the initial phase of infection, the Staphylococci do not cause any harm and remain inactive. With the help of quorum sensing, the bacteria become virulent. The virulent factors of the bacteria are capable of inhibiting the complement activation process, so the antigen cannot be processed. They can block as well as destroy the phagocytic cells and modify T-cell and B-cell response.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

Thus, the Staphylococcus strains disarm the host by complement activation inhibition and modifying the immune cells.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.

Conclusion

Thus, the enveloped viruses disarm the host's immune system by the activation of TAM receptor tyrosine kinase.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The ways by which the enveloped viruses bacteria disarm the host's immune system.

Introduction:

The outer wrapping of the virus is known as envelope. These viruses come from the cells by the process of budding off.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The enveloped virus causes the activation of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases. The GAS 6, protein S mediates this process. They down regulate the responses initiated by the toll-like receptors and the type I interferons. The ligand-coated viruses activate TAM on dendritic cells and hamper type I IFN signaling, upon virus challenge, TAM-deficient DCs display type I IFN responses.