The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking
The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781118156599
Author: Edward B. Burger, Michael Starbird
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
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Concept explainers

Permutations and Combinations
If there are 5 dishes, they can be relished in any order at a time. In permutation, it should be in a particular order. In combination, the order does not matter. Take 3 letters a, b, and c. The possible ways of pairing any two letters are ab, bc, ac, ba…
Counting Theory
The fundamental counting principle is a rule that is used to count the total number of possible outcomes in a given situation.
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Chapter 2.3, Problem 1MS

PrimaI Instincts. List the first 15 prime numbers.

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Chapter 2.2, Problem 49MS
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Chapter 2 Solutions

The Heart of Mathematics: An Invitation to Effective Thinking

Ch. 2.1 - Muchos mangos. You inherit a large crate of...Ch. 2.1 - Packing balk. Your best friend is about to turn 21...Ch. 2.1 - Alternative rock. You have an empty CD rack...Ch. 2.1 - The Byrds. You have 16 new CDs to put on your...Ch. 2.1 - For the birds. Explain the Pigeonhole principle.Ch. 2.1 - Treasure chest (ExH). Someone offers to give you a...Ch. 2.1 - Order please. Order the following numbers from...Ch. 2.1 - Penny for your thoughts (H). Two thousand years...Ch. 2.1 - Twenty-nine is hat. Find the most interesting...Ch. 2.1 - Perfect numbers. The only natural numbers that...
Ch. 2.1 - Many fold (S). Suppose you were able to take a...Ch. 2.1 - Only one cake. Suppose we had a room filled with...Ch. 2.1 - For the birds. Years ago, before overnight...Ch. 2.1 - Sock hop (ExH). You have 10 pain of socks, five...Ch. 2.1 - The last one. Here is a game to be played with...Ch. 2.1 - See the three. What proportion of the first 1000...Ch. 2.1 - See the three II (H). What proportion of the first...Ch. 2.1 - See the three III. Explain why almost all...Ch. 2.1 - Commuting. One hundred people in your neighborhood...Ch. 2.1 - RIP (S). The Earth has more than 6.8 billion...Ch. 2.1 - Say the sequence. The following are the first few...Ch. 2.1 - Lemonade. You want to buy a new car, and you know...Ch. 2.1 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 2.1 - Ramanujan noodles (H). Ramanujan tells you that...Ch. 2.1 - Bird count. You want to know how many pigeons you...Ch. 2.1 - Many pennies. Suppose you have a 33 checkerboard...Ch. 2.1 - Wheres the birdie? One of your pigeons decides to...Ch. 2.2 - Fifteen Fibonaccis. List the first 15 Fibonacci...Ch. 2.2 - Born . What is the precise number that the symbol ...Ch. 2.2 - Tons of ones. Verify that 1+11+11 equals 3/2.Ch. 2.2 - Twos and threes. Simplify the quantities 2+22+22...Ch. 2.2 - The amity of . Solve the following equations for...Ch. 2.2 - Baby bunnies. This question gave the Fibonacci...Ch. 2.2 - Discovering Fibonacci relationships (S). By...Ch. 2.2 - Discovering more Fibonacci relationships, By...Ch. 2.2 - Late bloomers (ExH). Suppose we start with one...Ch. 2.2 - A new start. Suppose we build a sequence of...Ch. 2.2 - Discovering Lucas relationships. By experimenting...Ch. 2.2 - Still more Fibonacci relationships. By...Ch. 2.2 - Even more Fibonacci relationships. By...Ch. 2.2 - Discovering Fibonacci and Lucas relationships. By...Ch. 2.2 - The enlarging area paradox (S). The square shown...Ch. 2.2 - Sum of Fibonacci (H). Express each of the...Ch. 2.2 - Some more sums. Express each of the following...Ch. 2.2 - Fibonacci nim: The first move. Suppose you are...Ch. 2.2 - Fibonacci nim: The first move II. Suppose you are...Ch. 2.2 - Fibonacci nim: The first move III. Suppose you are...Ch. 2.2 - Fibonacci nim: The next move. Suppose you are...Ch. 2.2 - Fibonacci nim: The next move II. Suppose you are...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 23MSCh. 2.2 - Beat your friend. Play Fibonacci nim with a...Ch. 2.2 - Beat another friend. Play Fibonacci nim with...Ch. 2.2 - Discovering still more Fibonacci relationships. By...Ch. 2.2 - Finding factors (S). By experimenting with...Ch. 2.2 - The rabbits rest. Suppose we have a pair of baby...Ch. 2.2 - Digging up Fibonacci roots. Using the square root...Ch. 2.2 - Tribonacci. Lets start with the numbers 0, 0, 1,...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 31MSCh. 2.2 - Prob. 32MSCh. 2.2 - Prob. 33MSCh. 2.2 - A big fib (ExH). Suppose we have a natural number...Ch. 2.2 - Decomposing naturals (H). Use the result of...Ch. 2.2 - How big is it? Is it possible for a Fibonacci...Ch. 2.2 - Too small. Suppose we have a natural number that...Ch. 2.2 - Beyond Fibonacci. Suppose we create a new sequence...Ch. 2.2 - Generalized sums. Let Gn be the generalized...Ch. 2.2 - Its hip to be square (H). Adapt the methods of...Ch. 2.2 - Personal perspectives. Write a short essay...Ch. 2.2 - With a group of folks. In a small group, discuss...Ch. 2.2 - Here we celebrate the power of algebra as a...Ch. 2.2 - Finding x(H). Solve for x:x=1+6x.Ch. 2.2 - Appropriate address. Fibonaccis house number is...Ch. 2.2 - Zen bunnies. Your rabbits do yoga every morning in...Ch. 2.2 - The power of gold (H). In 1843 Jacques Binet (not...Ch. 2.3 - PrimaI Instincts. List the first 15 prime numbers.Ch. 2.3 - Fear factor. Express each of the following numbers...Ch. 2.3 - Odd couple. If n is an odd number greater than or...Ch. 2.3 - Tower of power. The first four powers of 3 are...Ch. 2.3 - Compose a list. Give an infinite list of natural...Ch. 2.3 - A silly start. What is the smallest number that...Ch. 2.3 - Waking for a nonprime. What is the smallest...Ch. 2.3 - Always, sometimes, never. Does a prime multiplied...Ch. 2.3 - The dividing line. Does a nonprime divided by a...Ch. 2.3 - Prime power. Is it possible for an extremely large...Ch. 2.3 - Nonprimes (ExH). Are there infinitely many natural...Ch. 2.3 - Prime test. Suppose you are given a number n and...Ch. 2.3 - Twin primes. Find the first 15 pairs of twin...Ch. 2.3 - Goldbach. Express the first 15 even numbers...Ch. 2.3 - Odd Goldbach (H). Can every odd number greater...Ch. 2.3 - Still the 1 (S). Consider the following sequence...Ch. 2.3 - Zeros and ones. Consider the following sequence of...Ch. 2.3 - Zeros, ones, and threes. Consider the following...Ch. 2.3 - A rough count. Using results discussed in this...Ch. 2.3 - Generating primes (H). Consider the list of...Ch. 2.3 - Generating primes II. Consider the list of...Ch. 2.3 - Floating in factors. What is the smallest natural...Ch. 2.3 - Lucky 13 factor. Suppose a certain number when...Ch. 2.3 - Remainder reminder (S). Suppose a certain number...Ch. 2.3 - Remainder roundup. Suppose a certain number when...Ch. 2.3 - Related remainders (H). Suppose we have two...Ch. 2.3 - Prime differences. Write out the first 15 primes...Ch. 2.3 - Minus two. Suppose we take a prime number greater...Ch. 2.3 - Prime neighbors. Does there exist a number n such...Ch. 2.3 - Perfect squares. A perfect square is a number that...Ch. 2.3 - Perfect squares versus primes. Using a calculator...Ch. 2.3 - Prime pairs. Suppose that p is a prime number...Ch. 2.3 - Remainder addition. Let A and B be two natural...Ch. 2.3 - Remainder multiplication. Let A and B be two...Ch. 2.3 - A prime-free gap (S). Find a run of six...Ch. 2.3 - Prime-free gaps. Using Mindscape 35, show that,...Ch. 2.3 - Three primes (ExH). Prove that it is impossible to...Ch. 2.3 - Prime plus three. Prove that if you take any prime...Ch. 2.3 - A small factor. Prove that if a number greater...Ch. 2.3 - Prime products (H). Suppose we make a number by...Ch. 2.3 - Seldom prime. Suppose that x is a natural number...Ch. 2.3 - A special pair of twins. A composite number x is...Ch. 2.3 - Special K p. A prime p satisfies the equation...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 48MSCh. 2.3 - One real root (H). Find one value of x for which...Ch. 2.4 - A flashy timepiece. You own a very expensive watch...Ch. 2.4 - Living in the past. Your watch currently reads...Ch. 2.4 - Mod prods. Which number from 0 to 6 is equivalent...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 4MSCh. 2.4 - A tower of mod power. Reduce 13 mod 11. Reduce 132...Ch. 2.4 - Hours and hours. The clock now reads 10:45. What...Ch. 2.4 - Days and days. Today is Saturday. What day of the...Ch. 2.4 - Months and months (H). It is now July. What month...Ch. 2.4 - Celestial seasonings (S). Which of the following...Ch. 2.4 - SpaghettiOs. Which of the following is the correct...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 11MSCh. 2.4 - Tonic water. Which of the following is the correct...Ch. 2.4 - Real mayo (H). The following is the UPC for...Ch. 2.4 - Applesauce. The following is the UPC for Lucky...Ch. 2.4 - Grand Cru. The following is the UPC for Celis Ale...Ch. 2.4 - Mixed nuts. The following is the UPC for Planters...Ch. 2.4 - Blue chips. The following is the UPC for Garden of...Ch. 2.4 - Lemon. The following is the UPC for RealLemon...Ch. 2.4 - Decoding (S). A friend with lousy handwriting...Ch. 2.4 - Check your check. Find the bank code on your...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 21MSCh. 2.4 - More bank checks (ExH). Determine the check digits...Ch. 2.4 - UPC your friends. Have a friend find a product...Ch. 2.4 - Whoops. A UPC for a product is Explain why the...Ch. 2.4 - Whoops again. A bank code is Explain why the...Ch. 2.4 - Mod remainders (S). Where would 129 be on a mod 13...Ch. 2.4 - More mod remainders. Where would 2015 be on a mod...Ch. 2.4 - Money orders. U.S. Postal Money Orders have a...Ch. 2.4 - Airline tickets. An airline ticket identification...Ch. 2.4 - UPS. United Parcel Service uses the same check...Ch. 2.4 - Check a code. U.S. Postal Money Order serial...Ch. 2.4 - ISBN-13. The 13-digit book identification number,...Ch. 2.4 - ISBN-13 check (H). Find the check digits for the...Ch. 2.4 - ISBN-13 error. The ISBN-13 978-4-1165-9105-4 is...Ch. 2.4 - Brush up your Shakespeare. Find a book containing...Ch. 2.4 - Mods and remainders. Use the Division Algorithm...Ch. 2.4 - Catching errors (H). Give some examples in which...Ch. 2.4 - Why three? In the UPC, why is 3 the number every...Ch. 2.4 - A mod surprise. For each number n from 1 to 4,...Ch. 2.4 - A prime magic trick. Pick a prime number and call...Ch. 2.4 - One congruence, two solutions. Find two different...Ch. 2.4 - Chinese remainder. Find one natural number x that...Ch. 2.4 - More remainders. Find one natural number z that...Ch. 2.4 - Quotient coincidence. Suppose x is a natural...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 49MSCh. 2.5 - What did you say? The message below was encoded...Ch. 2.5 - Secret admirer. Use the scheme on page 99 to...Ch. 2.5 - Setting up secrets. Let p=7 and q=17. Are p and q...Ch. 2.5 - Second secret setup. Let p=5 and q=19. Are p and q...Ch. 2.5 - Secret squares. Reduce the following quantities:...Ch. 2.5 - Petit Fermat 5. Compute 24 (mod 5). Compute 44...Ch. 2.5 - Petit Fermat 7. Compute 46 (mod 7). Compute 56...Ch. 2.5 - Top secret (ExH). In our discussion, the two...Ch. 2.5 - Middle secret (H). In our discussion, the two...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 10MSCh. 2.5 - Creating your code (S). Suppose you wish to devise...Ch. 2.5 - Using your code. Given the coding scheme you...Ch. 2.5 - Public secrecy. Using the List in Mindscape 12,...Ch. 2.5 - Going public. Using the list in Mindscape 12, with...Ch. 2.5 - Secret says (H). Using the list in Mindscape 12,...Ch. 2.5 - Big Fermat (S). Compute 5600 (mod 7). (Hint:...Ch. 2.5 - Big and powerful Fermat (ExH). Recall how...Ch. 2.5 - The value of information. How large should the...Ch. 2.5 - Something in common. Suppose that p is a prime...Ch. 2.5 - Faux pas Fermat. Compute 15 mod 6, 25 mod 6, 35...Ch. 2.5 - Breaking the code. If you could factor a large...Ch. 2.5 - Signing your name. Suppose you get a message that...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 27MSCh. 2.5 - FOILed! FOIL the expression (a1)(q1). Suppose you...Ch. 2.5 - FOILed again! FOIL the expression (x1)(y1)....Ch. 2.5 - Secret primes. You know that p and q are primes...Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 31MSCh. 2.6 - A rational being. What is the definition of a...Ch. 2.6 - Fattened tractions. Reduce these overweight...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 3MSCh. 2.6 - Decoding decimals. Show that each of the decimal...Ch. 2.6 - Odds and ends. Square the numbers from 1 to 12. Do...Ch. 2.6 - Irrational rationalization. We know that 2 ¡s...Ch. 2.6 - Rational rationalization. We know 2/5 and 7/3 are...Ch. 2.6 - Rational or not (ExH). For each of the following...Ch. 2.6 - Irrational or not. Determine if each of the...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - In Mindscapes 10-16, show that the value given is...Ch. 2.6 - An irrational exponent (H). Suppose that E is the...Ch. 2.6 - Another irrational exponent. Suppose that E is the...Ch. 2.6 - Still another exponent (ExH). Suppose that E is...Ch. 2.6 - Another rational exponent. Suppose that E is the...Ch. 2.6 - Rational exponent. Suppose that E is the number...Ch. 2.6 - Rational sums. Show that the sum of any two...Ch. 2.6 - Rational products. Show that the product of any...Ch. 2.6 - Root of a rational Show that (1/2) is irrational.Ch. 2.6 - Root of a rational (S). Show that (2/3) is...Ch. 2.6 - . Using the fact that is irrational, show that +3...Ch. 2.6 - 2. Using the fact that is irrational, show that 2...Ch. 2.6 - 2. Suppose that we know only that 2 is irrational....Ch. 2.6 - A rational in disguise. Show that the number (22)2...Ch. 2.6 - Prob. 30MSCh. 2.6 - More cube roots. Show that 33 is irrational.Ch. 2.6 - One-fourth root. Show that the fourth root of...Ch. 2.6 - Irrational sums (S). Does an irrational number...Ch. 2.6 - Irrational products (H). Does an irrational number...Ch. 2.6 - Irrational plus rational. Does an irrational...Ch. 2.6 - p. Show that for any prime number p,p ¡s an...Ch. 2.6 - pq. Show that, for any two different prime numbers...Ch. 2.6 - p+q. Show that, for any prime numbers p and q,p+q...Ch. 2.6 - 4. The square root of 4 is equal to 2, which is a...Ch. 2.6 - Sum or difference (H). Let a and b be any two...Ch. 2.6 - Rational x. Simplify the following expressions to...Ch. 2.6 - High 5. Suppose that x is a positive number...Ch. 2.6 - Dont be scared (H). Consider the scary equation....Ch. 2.6 - A hunt for irrationals. Find all solutions to the...Ch. 2.6 - A hunt for rationales. For any number x, the...Ch. 2.7 - X marks the X-act spot. On the number tine above,...Ch. 2.7 - Moving the point. Simplify each of the...Ch. 2.7 - Watch out for ones! Express 1/9 in decimal form....Ch. 2.7 - Real redundancy Suppose M=0.4999.... Then what...Ch. 2.7 - Being irrational. Explain what it means for a...Ch. 2.7 - Always, sometimes, never. A number with an...Ch. 2.7 - Square root of 5. The 5 has an unending decimal...Ch. 2.7 - A rational search (ExH). Find a rational number...Ch. 2.7 - Another rational search. Find a rational number...Ch. 2.7 - An Irrational search (H). Describe an irrational...Ch. 2.7 - Another irrational search. Describe an irrational...Ch. 2.7 - Your neighborhood. Suppose we tell you that we are...Ch. 2.7 - Another neighborhood. Suppose we tell you that we...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 14-16, express each fraction in its...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 14-16, express each fraction in its...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 14-16, express each fraction in its...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - In Mindscapes 17-25, express each number as a...Ch. 2.7 - Farey fractions. Let F be the collection of all...Ch. 2.7 - Even irrational. Show that the number...Ch. 2.7 - Odd irrational (H). Show that the number...Ch. 2.7 - A proof for . Suppose we look at the first one...Ch. 2.7 - Irrationals and zero. Is there an irrational...Ch. 2.7 - Irrational with 1s and 2s (S). Is it possible to...Ch. 2.7 - Irrational with 1s and some 2s. Is it possible to...Ch. 2.7 - Half steps. Suppose you are just a point and are...Ch. 2.7 - Half steps again (ExH). Suppose now that you are a...Ch. 2.7 - Cutting . Is it possible to cut up the interval...Ch. 2.7 - From infinite to finite. Find a real number that...Ch. 2.7 - Rationals (H). Show that, between any two...Ch. 2.7 - Irrationals. Show that, between any two different...Ch. 2.7 - Terminator. Show that if a rational number has a...Ch. 2.7 - Terminator II. Show that if the denominator of a...Ch. 2.7 - An unknown digit. Let x be a digit satisfying the...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 46MSCh. 2.7 - Is y irrational? You decide to create the digits...Ch. 2.7 - Is z irrational? Follow the same construction as...Ch. 2.7 - Triple digits (H). Suppose a, b, and c are digits...

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