Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 22.10, Problem 1MQ
- How are anoxic conditions maintained in the termite hindgut?
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9. Aerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two
fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure
below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of
the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally
put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your
total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available.
18 carbons
fatty acids
12 carbons
9
glycerol
A. Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following
pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue
generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration.
glycerol
glycerol-3-
phosphate…
Normal dive (for diving humans)
normal
breathing
dive
normal
breathing
Oz level
CO2 level
urgent need
to breathe
Oz blackout zone
high CO2 triggers breathing
6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in
relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in
diving humans.
How might the location and slope of the O₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
How might the location and slope of the CO₂ line differ for diving marine mammals such as
whales and dolphins?
•
•
Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above.
How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line
differ for diving marine mammals?
What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability
of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?
foraging/diet type
teeth
tongue
stomach
intestines
cecum
Insectivory
numerous, spiky, incisors procumbentExample: moleExample: shrew
--
simple
short
mostly lacking
Myrmecophagy
absent or reduced in numbers, peg-likeExample: tamandua anteater
extremely long
simple, often roughened
short
small or lacking
Terrestrial carnivory
sharp incisors; long, conical canines; often carnassial cheek teeth; may have crushing molarsExample: dog
--
simple
short
small
Aquatic carnivory
homodont, spiky, numerousExample: common dolphin
--
simple or multichambered (cetaceans only)
variable
small or absent
Sanguinivory
very sharp upper incisors; reduced cheek teethExample: vampire bat
grooved
tubular, highly extensible
long
small or lacking
Herbivory (except nectivores)
incisors robust or absent; canines reduced or absent; diastema; cheek teeth enlarged with complex occlusal surfacesExample: beaver
--
simple (hindgut fermenters) or multichambered (ruminants)
long
large
Filter feeding
none…
Chapter 22 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.2 - What is the evidence that "Chlorochromatium...Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.2 - How might nutrients be shuttled between phototroph...Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.3 - What is a bacteroid and what occurs within it?...Ch. 22.3 - What are the major similarities and differences...Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 1MQ
Ch. 22.4 - How do the vir genes differ from T-DNA in the Ti...Ch. 22.4 - How has an understanding of crown gall disease...Ch. 22.5 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.5 - How do mycorrhizal fungi promote plant diversity?Ch. 22.6 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.6 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.7 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.8 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22.9 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.9 - What are the consequences of symbiont genome...Ch. 22.9 - How could it be determined if a symbiont and its...Ch. 22.10 - How are anoxic conditions maintained in the...Ch. 22.10 - Why does reductive acetogenesis predominate over...Ch. 22.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.12 - What are the similarities of the obligate...Ch. 22.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 22.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 22.14 - What are the two mechanisms of Symbiodinium...Ch. 22.14 - Prob. 3MQCh. 22 - Prob. 1RQCh. 22 - Prob. 2RQCh. 22 - QDescribe the steps in the development of root...Ch. 22 - Prob. 4RQCh. 22 - Prob. 5RQCh. 22 - REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. What is a rumen and how do the...Ch. 22 - QGive an example of a single microbial species...Ch. 22 - Prob. 8RQCh. 22 - Prob. 9RQCh. 22 - Prob. 10RQCh. 22 - QHow do the microbial communities of higher and...Ch. 22 - Prob. 12RQCh. 22 - How is the correct bacterial symbiont selected in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 14RQCh. 22 - Prob. 15RQCh. 22 - Prob. 16RQCh. 22 - Imagine that you have discovered a new animal that...
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- 3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 པར『ན་ cm 30 Species B 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 cm 10 Species C 0/4, 0/0,3/3, 3/3 020arrow_forward3. Shown below is the dental formula and digestive tract anatomy of three mammalian species (A, B, and C). What kind of diet would you expect each species to have? Support your answers with what you can infer from the dental formula and what you can see in the diagram. Broadly speaking, what accounts for the differences? Species A 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3 cm 30 Species B 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3 cm 10 Species C 4/3, 1/1, 2/2, 4/4 E 0 cm 20 AILarrow_forwardNormal dive (for diving humans) normal breathing dive normal breathing Oz level CO₂ level urgent need to breathe Oz blackout zone high CO₂ triggers breathing 6. This diagram shows rates of oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood in relation to the levels needed to maintain consciousness and trigger the urgent need to breathe in diving humans. • How might the location and slope of the O2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • How might the location and slope of the CO2 line differ for diving marine mammals such as whales and dolphins? • • Draw in predicted lines for O2 and CO2, based on your reasoning above. How might the location of the Urgent Need to Breathe line and the O2 Blackout Zone line differ for diving marine mammals? What physiological mechanisms account for each of these differences, resulting in the ability of marine mammals to stay submerged for long periods of time?arrow_forward
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