BIOLOGY VOL. II
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781308795317
Author: Raven
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill/Create
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Chapter 22, Problem 4S
Refer to figure 22.16. Geospiza fuliginosa and Geospiza fortis are found in sympatry on at least one island in the Galápagos and in allopatry on several islands in the same archipelago. Compare your expectations about degree of morphological similarity of the two species in these two contexts, given the hypothesis that competition for food played a large role in the adaptive radiation of this group. Would your expectations be the same for a pair of finch species that are not as closely related? Explain.
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Students have asked these similar questions
You want to distinguish between two hypotheses to explain the patterns you see:
1) Males not feeding the young is an adaptation to dimorphism
2) If males don't feed the young in a species, it will allow them to become brightly colored
To begin to address this question, map the characters changes in dimorphism and males feeding
the young onto each of the trees on the previous page.
CHARACTER
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
MALES FEED YOUNG
Cassin's Vireo
No
No
Red Fox Sparrow
Cape May Warbler
Cedar Waxwing
Golden-Crowned Kinglet
Pyrrhuloxia
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
California Gull
No
Yes
Note: This data is fictional
5) Which of the hypotheses in part 4 is consistent with your analysis? Explain why in a brief paragraph.
Researchers have characterized the niches of Darwin’s finches by beak size (which correlates with diet) and the niches of parasitoids by size of caterpillar. How would you characterize the niches of sympatric canid species such as red fox, coyote, and wolf in North America? Or felids, such as ocelots, pumas, and jaguars in South America? What characteristics or environmental features do you think would be useful for representing the niches of desert plants? Or the plants in temperate forest or prairie?
calculate the number of Physignathus cocincinus in each region, and determine the mean density of lizards in each habitat (A, B and C). Provide a legend to Table 2. Using the literature, explain how would you go about collecting the sort of data shown in Table 2?
Chapter 22 Solutions
BIOLOGY VOL. II
Ch. 22 - Prezygotic isolating mechanisms include all of the...Ch. 22 - Reproductive isolation is a. a result of...Ch. 22 - Problems with the biological species concept...Ch. 22 - Prob. 4UCh. 22 - Prob. 5UCh. 22 - Prezygotic isolation a. always involves mechanisms...Ch. 22 - Speciation by allopolyploidy a. takes a long time....Ch. 22 - Adaptive radiation a. is the result of enriched...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9UCh. 22 - Character displacement a. arises through...
Ch. 22 - Prob. 11UCh. 22 - If reinforcement is weak and hybrids are not...Ch. 22 - Natural selection can a. enhance the probability...Ch. 22 - Hybridization between incompletely isolated...Ch. 22 - Natural selection can lead to speciation a. by...Ch. 22 - Natural selection can lead to the evolution of...Ch. 22 - If there is no universally accepted definition of...Ch. 22 - Refer to figure 22 6 In Texas. Drummond s phlox is...Ch. 22 - Refer to figure 22.16. Geospiza fuliginosa and...
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- Choose True for yes and False for no, for each of the statements 1) The distribution of the two species-C populations cannot be explained by two totally independent dispersal events by the common ancestor species of A and B. True or false 2) B must share a more recent common ancestor with C1 than it does with C2. True or falsearrow_forward1) in the future there may be more than one species of ostrich ? True or false 2)There is evidence of gene flow in the cassowary ? True or falsearrow_forwardExplain the difference in behaviors of temporally isolated species when it comes to Allopatric vs Sympatric speciation.arrow_forward
- Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University have studied the ecology and evolution of finches on the Galapagos Islands since the early 1970s. They have shown that finches with large bills (as measured by bill depth; see Figure) can eat both small seeds and large seeds, but finches with small bills can only eat small seeds. In 1977, a severe drought on the island of Daphne Major reduced seed production by plants. After the birds consumed whatever small seeds they found, only large seeds were still available. The resulting food shortage killed a majority of the medium ground finches (Geospizafortis) on Daphne Major; their population plummeted from 751 in 1976 to just 90 in 1978. The Grants research also documented a change in the distributions of bill depths in the birds from 1976 to 1978, as illustrated in the graphs to the right. In light of what you now know about the relationship between bill size and food size for these birds, interpret the change illustrated in the graph. What type of natural selection does this example illustrate? Source: P. R. Grant. 1986. Ecology and Evolution of Darwins Finches. Princeton University Press.arrow_forwardIf the phylogenetic species concept (PSC) were used to define species, rather than the biological species concept (BSC), how might that change the estimates of species diversity (numbers of species) on a worldwide basis? True or False: Estimates of species diversity are likely to change if the PSC is used. In particular, one would expect the number of species to increase. This is because individuals from divergent allopatric populations that can potentially interbreed would belong to the same species under the BSC. These same organisms would be classified as members of different species under the PSC.arrow_forwardObserve the three species of fruit fly and their evolutionary relationships in the tree below: Fly species 1 MRCA of fly species 1 & 2 Fly species 2 Note that the three fly species have the following characteristics: Fly species 1: white eyes, lots of leg bristles, striped wings Fly species 2: red eyes, lots of leg bristles, striped wings Distant relative: white eyes, lots of leg bristles, plain wings Distant relative Q3. What are the most likely characteristics of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of fly species 1 and fly species 2, labeled in the diagram above? Lots of leg bristles; can't tell on the other two traits Lots of leg bristles, striped wings; can't tell on eye color Lots of leg bristles, striped wings, red eyes Lots of leg bristles, striped wings, white eyesarrow_forward
- Use each of the following species concepts to write a claim about whether the dark and light fur mice are, in fact, different species. Your claim should demonstrate your understanding of that particular species concept. Mice with light coat colors are found in populations scattered across the southeastern US. Researchers believe the light coat color emerged in a single population. How would a biologist explain the evolution of the light coat color in populations across the southeastern US? Briefly explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardSpecies Concepts Review The Baltimore Orioles and Black-backed Orioles species complex has conflicting evidence in support of each being their own species and in support of them being the same species. Review the evidence below for each hypothesis, then, using that evidence, explain whether they should be classified as distinct or the same species based on each species concept. Then, using the overall evidence, decide whether to classify them as the same or different species. Genetic Information (In the Species Concepts lab, we used a "controversial" 10% cutoff. A more realistic cutoff might be 1%. Let's use a 1% cutoff for this activity.) Sequence Differences Baltimore Oriole vs Black- backed Oriole Cytochrome b 0.26% Control region 0.74% 2A. Based on the genetic information above, should the Baltimore Oriole and Black-backed Oriole be classified as one species or two species?arrow_forwardConstruct a phylogenetic tree with the species and label the traits according to their number (ex. T1, T2, etc.)arrow_forward
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