The following bonded atoms and questions: C − H, C=O, O − P, C − C a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds? b. Which of the ends contain δ − in polar molecules? c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature. Given: Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance. Element Number of covalent bonds Hydrogen (H) 1 Oxygen (O) 2 Sulfur (S) 2 Nitrogen (N) 3 Carbon (C) 4 Phosphorus (P) 5 Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements. Element Electronegativity Oxygen (O) 3.5 Chlorine (Cl) 3.1 Nitrogen (N) 3.0 Carbon (C) 2.5 Phosphorus (P) 2.1 Hydrogen (H) 2.1 Sodium (Na) 0.9 Potassium (K) 0.8 Introduction: The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar. The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

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Answer 5

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 6

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 7

Chapter 2.2, Problem 2R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The following bonded atoms and questions:

C−H, C=O, O−P, C−C

a. Whether the given bonded atoms have nonpolar or polar bonds?

b. Which of the ends contain δ⁻ in polar molecules?

c. Whether the contribution of an atom pair is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature.

Given:

Table 1: Number of covalent bonds formed by elements of biological importance.

Element Number of covalent bonds

Hydrogen (H) 1

Oxygen (O) 2

Sulfur (S) 2

Nitrogen (N) 3

Carbon (C) 4

Phosphorus (P) 5

Table 2: Electronegativities of some biologically important elements.

Element Electronegativity

Oxygen (O) 3.5

Chlorine (Cl) 3.1

Nitrogen (N) 3.0

Carbon (C) 2.5

Phosphorus (P) 2.1

Hydrogen (H) 2.1

Sodium (Na) 0.9

Potassium (K) 0.8

Introduction:

The polarity of a particular compound depends upon the electronegativities of the atoms that are involved in its formation. If the electronegativity of the atoms is comparable then the compound formed is nonpolar. A large difference in the electronegativities of the atoms makes a compound polar.

The polar compounds are hydrophilic as they make bonds with water, usually called as hydrogen bonding. The nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic because they interact with each other rather than water.

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 1R Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2R

Solution Summary: The author explains that the polarity of a compound depends upon the electronegativities of its atoms that are involved in its formation.

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Element	Number of covalent bonds
Hydrogen (H)	1
Oxygen (O)	2
Sulfur (S)	2
Nitrogen (N)	3
Carbon (C)	4
Phosphorus (P)	5

Element	Electronegativity
Oxygen (O)	3.5
Chlorine (Cl)	3.1
Nitrogen (N)	3.0
Carbon (C)	2.5
Phosphorus (P)	2.1
Hydrogen (H)	2.1
Sodium (Na)	0.9
Potassium (K)	0.8