The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described. Concept Introduction: The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose. Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows: Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme. Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase. Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate. Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme. Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme. Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Expert Solution & Answer

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See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 22.38QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme citrate synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

The enzymes are essentially the biocatalysts present in all living systems. Each enzyme catalyzes a characteristic reaction within the biological system. Enzymes are generally named in accordance with the substrate on which they act. For example, enzyme urease is named by the addition of the suffix–ase to the name of the substrate urea on which this enzyme acts. Similarly, the enzyme sucrase derives its name from sucrose as it hydrolyzes the linkages of sucrose to yield fructose and glucose monomers of disaccharide sucrose.

Based on their specific role and the specific reaction they catalyze enzymes are classified into six major classes. These are as follows:

Ligases: The enzymes that connect two molecules via covalent bonds are termed as ligases. DNA ligase is one such enzyme.

Isomerases: The enzymes that catalyze the isomerization reactions are termed as isomerases. For example, triosephosphate isomerase.

Lyases: The enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of bonds are called lyases. Enzyme fumarase belongs to this category as they cleave the carbon-oxygen bond of malate to convert it reversibly into fumarate.

Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of bonds via hydrolysis present in biological systems. Lipase is one such enzyme.

Transferases: These enzymes are involved in the transfer of various functional groups such as methyl, acetyl group, or phosphate group. Alanine transaminase is one such enzyme.

Oxidoreductases: As the name suggests, these catalyze the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in living systems. Succinate dehydrogenase is an example of oxidoreductase.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 20

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 21

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Answer 22

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 23

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 24

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Answer 25

Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.1Q Ch. 22.1 - How do the mitochondria differ from the other...Ch. 22.1 - Prob. 22.3Q Ch. 22.1 - Describe the evidence that suggests that...Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.5Q Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 22.6Q Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.7Q Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 22.8Q Ch. 22.6 - Prob. 22.9Q Ch. 22.6 - Write a balanced chemical equation for the...

Concept explainers

Videos

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

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Chapter 22 Solutions

Concept explainers

Videos

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

Interpretation: The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described. Concept Introduction: Refer to part (a)

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Chapter 22 Solutions

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme aconitase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinyl CoA synthase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme succinate dehydrogenase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme fumarase has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)

Interpretation:

The reaction catalyzed by enzyme malate has to be described.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a)