On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement. Given: The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila. Introduction: A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii , coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon 2 shows the correct pattern of reinforcement.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

On the basis of the given data, we are required to show the patterns of the hydrocarbons which are consistent with reinforcement.

Given:

The graph given below shows the hydrocarbon concentration in the cuticle of allopatric and sympatric species of three species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

A study was conducted on the east coast of Australia, where two species of Drosophila, D. serrata and D. birchii, coexist and breed to produce hybrids. The hydrocarbon concentration in the allopatric and sympatric species was estimated to see the differences in them. The reinforcement mechanism was assumed to be the reason for such differences in the species.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reinforcement theory for speciation was first proposed by Wallace, where he suggested that reproductive isolation between species take place as a result of natural selection. This process prevents the production of hybrids, which have low fitness that the nonhybrids.

After studying the data given, the hydrocarbon 2 show a pattern, which is consistent with reinforcement. For reinforcement to be consistent, one needs to check the difference between the sympatric population and the other species, which should be greater than the difference between the allopatric populations and other species.

In case a barrier in gene flow is established, the reproduction isolation will begin by genetic divergence. Due to this, there are differences accumulated in the lineages. This reduces the probability of individuals mating with each other successfully, whenever they come into contact.

In case this isolation fails when the species come into contact, then some hybridization is bound to occur. The selection of the species will favor the parents. Due to this, the selection will result in the reinforcement of the mechanisms that prevent hybridization.