Concept explainers
Find to three significant digits the charge and the mass of the following particles. Suggestion: Begin by looking up the mass of a neutral atom on the periodic table of the elements in Appendix C. (a) an ionized hydrogen atom, represented as H+ (b) a singly ionized sodium atom, Na+ (c) a chloride ion Cl− (d) a doubly ionized calcium atom, Ca++ = Ca2+ (e) the center of an ammonia molecule, modeled as an N3− ion (f) quadruply ionized nitrogen atoms, N4+, found in plasma in a hot star (g) the nucleus of a nitrogen atom (h) the molecular ion H2O−
(a)
The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom up to three significant digits.
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of ionized hydrogen atom is
Explanation of Solution
The ionized hydrogen atom is
When the hydrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron or absorption of electron, in emission process the electron is removed from the atom and in absorption process electron is gained, Hydrogen always forms the positive ion.
The charge is calculated as,
The mass is calculated as,
Conclusion:
Therefore, the charge of ionized hydrogen atom is
(b)
The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of singly ionized sodium atom
Explanation of Solution
A singly ionized sodium atom is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is
The charge of sodium ion is,
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Sodium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of sodium atom that is formed by the loss of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the charge of ionized sodium atom is
(c)
The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of ionized chlorine atom
Explanation of Solution
A ionized Chlorine atom that is represented is
When the Chlorine atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of Chlorine atom is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is
The charge of Chlorine ion is,
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Chlorine atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of chlorine atom which is formed by the gain of an electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
The charge of ionized Chlorine atom is
(d)
The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of doubly ionized Calcium atom
Explanation of Solution
A doubly ionized Calcium atom is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing two electron so its charge is
The charge of Calcium ion is,
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of H. Calcium atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of Calcium atom that is formed by the loss of two electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the charge of ionized Chlorine atom is
(e)
The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of the centre of ammonia molecule
Explanation of Solution
The centre of ammonia molecule is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is
The charge of Nitrogen ion is,
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the negative ion of centre of Ammonia molecule atom which is formed by the gain of three electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
The charge of centre of Ammonia molecule is
(f)
The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen
Explanation of Solution
The quadruple ionized Nitrogen atoms found in plasma of hot star is
When the Nitrogen atom is ionized by emission of electron as the electronic configuration of sodium atom is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing four electrons so its charge is
The charge of quadruple Nitrogen ion is,
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of four electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
The charge and mass of the quadruple ionized Nitrogen
(g)
The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of the nucleus of nitrogen atom
Explanation of Solution
The nucleus of nitrogen ion is
The charge of an ionized atom is given by the number of electron is gained or lost by the neutral atom as the atom forms an ion by losing a electron so its charge is
The charge of nucleus of Nitrogen ion is;
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Nitrogen atom has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the positive ion of centre of quadruple atom that is formed by the loss of seven electrons has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
The charge of quadruple is
(h)
The charge and mass of the Molecular ion
Answer to Problem 1P
The charge and mass of the Molecular ion
Explanation of Solution
The molecular ion of water is
The charge of molecule of
The mass of electron is negligible compared to mass of Hydrogen. Water molecule has more mass than the hydrogen atom so the ionized water molecule that is formed by the gain of one electron has negligibly mass that can be ignored.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the charge of Molecule of
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