Human births If there is no seasonal effect on human births, we would expect equal numbers of children to be born in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall). A student takes a census of her statistics class and finds that of the 120 students in the class, 25 were born in winter, 35 in spring, 32 in summer, and 28 in fall. She wonders if the excess in the spring is an indication that births are not uniform throughout the year. a) What is the expected number of births in each season if there is no “seasonal effect” on births? b) Compute the χ 2 statistic. c) How many degrees of freedom does the χ 2 statistic have?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1E

Human births If there is no seasonal effect on human births, we would expect equal numbers of children to be born in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall). A student takes a census of her statistics class and finds that of the 120 students in the class, 25 were born in winter, 35 in spring, 32 in summer, and 28 in fall. She wonders if the excess in the spring is an indication that births are not uniform throughout the year.

a) What is the expected number of births in each season if there is no “seasonal effect” on births?
b) Compute the χ² statistic.
c) How many degrees of freedom does the χ² statistic have?

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1E

Human births If there is no seasonal effect on human births, we would expect equal numbers of children to be born in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall). A student takes a census of her statistics class and finds that of the 120 students in the class, 25 were born in winter, 35 in spring, 32 in summer, and 28 in fall. She wonders if the excess in the spring is an indication that births are not uniform throughout the year.

a) What is the expected number of births in each season if there is no “seasonal effect” on births?
b) Compute the χ² statistic.
c) How many degrees of freedom does the χ² statistic have?

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1E

Human births If there is no seasonal effect on human births, we would expect equal numbers of children to be born in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall). A student takes a census of her statistics class and finds that of the 120 students in the class, 25 were born in winter, 35 in spring, 32 in summer, and 28 in fall. She wonders if the excess in the spring is an indication that births are not uniform throughout the year.

a) What is the expected number of births in each season if there is no “seasonal effect” on births?
b) Compute the χ² statistic.
c) How many degrees of freedom does the χ² statistic have?

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1E

Human births If there is no seasonal effect on human births, we would expect equal numbers of children to be born in each season (winter, spring, summer, and fall). A student takes a census of her statistics class and finds that of the 120 students in the class, 25 were born in winter, 35 in spring, 32 in summer, and 28 in fall. She wonders if the excess in the spring is an indication that births are not uniform throughout the year.

a) What is the expected number of births in each season if there is no “seasonal effect” on births?
b) Compute the χ² statistic.
c) How many degrees of freedom does the χ² statistic have?

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Answer 8

a.

Expert Solution

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Answer 9

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

a.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

To determine

Find the expected number of birth in each season without seasonal effects on birth.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 1E

The expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Given info:

The data represents the census of 120 students who are born in different season namely summer with 32, winter with 25, spring with 35 and fall with 28.

Calculation:

The general formula for expected count:

$Expected count=observed frequency×percentage of each season$

The expected count for each seasonal value can be obtained by the product of observed frequency with the percentage of each season:

Let observed value is the value of total students in the class which is 120 and percentage value is 0.25(25 percent) which does not change due to, without seasonal effect in the data.

$Expected count for summer=observed frequency×percentage of summer=120×0.25=30$

Therefore, the remaining expected count for each season as follows:

Season	Expected count
Winter	30
Summer	30
Spring	30
Fall	30

Thus, the expected number of birth in each season is 30 births per season.

Answer 15

b.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

Answer 16

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

b.

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

To determine

Compute the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 1E

The value of $χ2$ is 1.933.

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

The test statistic can be obtained as follows:

$χ2=∑(observed−Expected)2Expected=(25−30)230+(35−30)230+(32−30)230+(28−30)230≃1.933$

Thus the value of test statistic is 1.933.

Answer 22

c.

Expert Solution

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Answer 23

c.

Expert Solution

Answer 24

c.

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

To determine

Compute degrees of freedom for the $χ2$ statistic value.

Answer 27

Answer to Problem 1E

The degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Answer 28

Explanation of Solution

Calculation:

Degrees of freedom:

Here, there are four seasons.

The degrees of freedom is,

$Number of seasons−1=4−1=3$

Thus, the degree of freedom for the test statistic is 3.

Answer 29

Ch. 22.3 - Why do we need the control group?Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 2JC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 3JC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 4JC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 5JC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 6JC Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 7JC Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 8JC Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 9JC Ch. 22 - Human births If there is no seasonal effect on...

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