CONNECT ACCESS CARD FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781259880193
Author: SALADIN
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Chapter 21, Problem 9TYR
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
A helper T cell is an immune cell that plays an important role in immune system mainly in the adaptive immune system. The helper T cell secretes a chemical called cytokines, which helps in the activity of other immune cells to destroy a pathogen.
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Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect.
In order for an antigen to activate or sensitize a T helper cell, the antigen must be
a. coated with antibodies
b. displayed on the surface of an APC along with MHC antigens
c. displayed on the surface of another T cell with IgD antibodies
d. partly digested by a natural killer cell
A number of minor cancerous cells and infected viruses, such as Epstein Barr (EBV), are able to go undetected by cytotoxic T cell degradation by what possible mechanism?
a. the production of normal class I MHC molecule
b. helper T cell activation
c. the deactivation of the complement system
d. tumor antigen expression
e. the production of the class II major histocompatability (MHC) moledule
Which of the following statements are true for antigen presentation.
a.
Antigen presentation means that other cells attach the pathogen first and present it to T cells.
b.
Antigen-presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor to B cells
c.
Antigen presenting cells display protein fragments, resulting from the digestion of the pathogen, in complex with MHC receptor on their surface.
d.
Antigen-presenting cells are phagocytic cells
e.
Antigen presentation is required for T cell activation
f.
Cytokines released by macrophages are required for T cell activation
g.
T cell receptors recognize the MHC receptors in complex with antigen fragments displayed by antigen-presenting cells.
h.
Phagocytic cells are involved in innate immunity. Therefore they have no role in T-cell activation
Chapter 21 Solutions
CONNECT ACCESS CARD FOR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1BYGOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2BYGOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 3BYGOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 4BYGOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 5BYGOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 5AYLO
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 6AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 21.1 - The nature of diffuse lymphatic tissue and where...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 9AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 10AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 11AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 12AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 13AYLOCh. 21.1 - Prob. 14AYLOCh. 21.1 - Location, gross anatomy, and histology of the...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 6BYGOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 7BYGOCh. 21.2 - How do interferons and the complement system...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 9BYGOCh. 21.2 - List the cardinal signs of inflammation and state...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.2 - Differences between innate and adaptive immunity;...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 6AYLOCh. 21.2 - The one type of lymphocyte that is involved in...Ch. 21.2 - Types of macrophages; their origin and functionsCh. 21.2 - Prob. 9AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 10AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 11AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 12AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 13AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 14AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 15AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 16AYLOCh. 21.2 - Examples of inflammatory cytokines and their rolesCh. 21.2 - How hyperemia, bradykinin, and other factors...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 19AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 20AYLOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 21AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 11BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 12BYGOCh. 21.3 - Contrast active and passive immunity. Give natural...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 14BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 15BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 16BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 17BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 18BYGOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.3 - How adaptive immunity is classified as active or...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 6AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 8AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 9AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 10AYLOCh. 21.3 - The meanings of immunocompetence and...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 12AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 13AYLOCh. 21.3 - Prob. 14AYLOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 19BYGOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 20BYGOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 21BYGOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 22BYGOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.4 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 21.4 - How activated Tc cells destroy target cells; the...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 23BYGOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 24BYGOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 25BYGOCh. 21.5 - Similarities and differences between humoral and...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.5 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 26BYGOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 27BYGOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 28BYGOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 29BYGOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 30BYGOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 21.6 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 21.6 - The pathology of acquired immunodeficiency...Ch. 21 - The only lymphatic organ with both afferent and...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 3TYRCh. 21 - Which of these is a macrophage? a. a microglial...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 6TYRCh. 21 - Which of the following correctly stales the order...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 9TYRCh. 21 - Which of the following results from a lack of...Ch. 21 - Any microorganism capable of causing disease is...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 13TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 14TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 15TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 16TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 17TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 18TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 19TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 20TYRCh. 21 - Prob. 1BYMVCh. 21 - crino-Ch. 21 - extra-Ch. 21 - Prob. 4BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 5BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 6BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 7BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 8BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 9BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 10BYMVCh. 21 - Prob. 1WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 2WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 3WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 4WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 5WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 6WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 7WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 8WWTSCh. 21 - Prob. 9WWTSCh. 21 - B cells that circulate freely in the bloodstream...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1TYCCh. 21 - Prob. 2TYCCh. 21 - A girl with a defective heart receives a new heart...Ch. 21 - A burn research center uses mice for studies of...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5TYC
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- Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body for phagocytosis and degradation. Another mechanism is... Select one: a. Binding of the Fc domain to T cells for cooperative antigen recognition and destruction. b. Altering the local pH by the formation of carbamate upon reaction with CO2 to denature protein antigens. c. Binding of the variable region to multiple different/distinct sites on the antigen. d. None of these. e. Binding of the antigen in regions essential for its function.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding CD4 is incorrect? a. MHC class II molecules present antigens to CD4 T cells. b. CD4 is the receptor used for HIV entry into CD4 T cells. c. CD4 is made up of two separate membrane-bound chains. d. Late in the progression of an HIV infection, the number of CD4 T cells in the circulation diminishes. e. CD4 is referred to as a T-cell co-receptor.arrow_forwardDendritic cells take up, process or present antigen by all of the following routes except Select one: a. receptor-mediated endocytosis of bacteria. b. macropinocytosis of bacteria or viruses. c. uptake of viruses using Toll-like receptor TLR9. d. cross-presentation from the MHC class II pathway to the MHC class I pathway. Oe. cross-presentation from incoming infected dendritic cells to healthy resident dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. Of. delivery of viral peptides from cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum during viral infection.arrow_forward
- Which of the following explains why dendritic cells, but not macrophages or B cells, contribute to the activation of naive T cells? a. Macrophages and B cells do not express MHC class II molecules until they are activated. b. Dendritic cells upregulate B7 after engaging innate immunity receptors at sites of infection. c. Dendritic cells express higher levels of CTLA4. d. Macrophages and B cells do not process antigen. e. Dendritic cells use Toll-like receptors to hold antigen in place for extended periods of time.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is part of the second line of defense against pathogens?a. skin b. mucus membranesc. lysozyme in tears d. phagocytes Which of the following does NOT have MHC class II molecules on the surface of their cell membranes? a. Macrophages.b. Dendritic cells.c. B cells.d. Helper T cells.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by masking the pathogen surface. b. They act as molecular adaptors that bridge together pathogen and phagocyte surfaces. c. They exert toxic effects directly. d. They act as opsonins that mediate phagocytosis. e. They activate complement fixation.arrow_forward
- Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells? a. They become cytotoxic T cells. b. The become antigen presenting cells. c. They become T helper cells. d. They become plasma cells.arrow_forwardThe T-cell antigen receptor is similar to immunoglobulin molecules in that it: a. can cross the placenta and provide protection to a fetus b. remains bound to the cell surface and is never secreted c. binds complement d. contains V and C regions on each of its chainarrow_forwardThe immune system includes the various responses the body uses to ensure survival in the presence of disease-causing agents. Identify the example of innate immunity. A. Infected host cells are killed by toxic proteins from cytotoxic T cells. B. Toll-like receptors bind to foreign molecule fragments to initiate immune response. C. CD4 accessory proteins on the helper T cell surface bind to class II MHC molecules. D. IgE antibodies recognize and attach to pollen grains, stimulating an allergic reaction.arrow_forward
- Adaptive immunity includes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which interact but also have distinct roles in adaptive immunity. Identify the example of a strictly cell-mediated immune response. A. A cytotoxic T cell destroys an infected host cell. B. A helper T cell activates a B cell. C. A B cell gives rise to plasma cells, which release antibodies. D. An antigen is taken in by an antigen-presenting cell.arrow_forwardTo become a fully activated, antibody-secreting cell, B cells usually need: a. to encounter an antigen or receive a signal delivered by a helper T cell. b. to ingest a foreign invader such as a microobe. c. activation by a plasma cell d. contact with an antigen and helper T cell cytokinesarrow_forwardAn MHC class II/antigen complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) binds to a T-cell receptor. What results from this interaction? Select one: a. Other immune cells are stimulated to respond to the antigen. b. Other immune cells are inhibited. c. The T cell responds by directly destroying the APC. d. The antigen is phagocytized by the T cell.arrow_forward
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