Theorem 2.1.1 Logical Equivalences Given any statement variables p, q, and r, a tautology t and a contradiction c, the following logical equivalences hold. 1. Commutative laws: P Vq = qVp (p V q) V r = p V (q V r) p V (q ^ r) = (p v q) ^ (p v r) P^q = q^p (p^q)^r=p ^ (q ^ r) рл (qvr) %3D(рлд)v(р^г) 2. Associative laws: 3. Distributive laws: 4. Identity laws: p^t=p V c = p p 5. Negation laws: PV ~p=t P^~p = c 6. Double negative law: ~(~p) = p 7. Idempotent laws: p V p = p P^p=p 8. Universal bound laws: Pvt=t рлс3Dс 9. De Morgan's laws: ~(p ^ q) = ~p V ~q p V (p ^ q) = P (p V q) = ~p^~q p^ (p v q) = p 10. Absorption laws: 11. Negations of t and c: ~t = c ~c = t (р^(~(~руq) V (р ^Ф %3Dр
Theorem 2.1.1 Logical Equivalences Given any statement variables p, q, and r, a tautology t and a contradiction c, the following logical equivalences hold. 1. Commutative laws: P Vq = qVp (p V q) V r = p V (q V r) p V (q ^ r) = (p v q) ^ (p v r) P^q = q^p (p^q)^r=p ^ (q ^ r) рл (qvr) %3D(рлд)v(р^г) 2. Associative laws: 3. Distributive laws: 4. Identity laws: p^t=p V c = p p 5. Negation laws: PV ~p=t P^~p = c 6. Double negative law: ~(~p) = p 7. Idempotent laws: p V p = p P^p=p 8. Universal bound laws: Pvt=t рлс3Dс 9. De Morgan's laws: ~(p ^ q) = ~p V ~q p V (p ^ q) = P (p V q) = ~p^~q p^ (p v q) = p 10. Absorption laws: 11. Negations of t and c: ~t = c ~c = t (р^(~(~руq) V (р ^Ф %3Dр
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
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Author:Erwin Kreyszig
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Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes
Section: Chapter Questions
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Use Theorem 2.1.1 to verify the logical equivalences. Supply a reason for each step.
![Theorem 2.1.1 Logical Equivalences
Given any statement variables p, q, and r, a tautology t and a contradiction c, the following logical equivalences
hold.
1. Commutative laws:
P Vq = qVp
(p V q) V r = p V (q V r)
p V (q ^ r) = (p v q) ^ (p v r)
P^q = q^p
(p^q)^r=p ^ (q ^ r)
рл (qvr) %3D(рлд)v(р^г)
2. Associative laws:
3. Distributive laws:
4. Identity laws:
p^t=p
V c = p
p
5. Negation laws:
PV ~p=t
P^~p = c
6. Double negative law:
~(~p) = p
7. Idempotent laws:
p V p = p
P^p=p
8. Universal bound laws:
Pvt=t
рлс3Dс
9. De Morgan's laws:
~(p ^ q) = ~p V ~q
p V (p ^ q) = P
(p V q) = ~p^~q
p^ (p v q) = p
10. Absorption laws:
11. Negations of t and c:
~t = c
~c = t](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fee8b475c-048b-404f-8041-55e6050e0ea3%2Fe6f58673-69ef-49d8-9fb0-b3b61c9b2838%2Fkvrn1ho.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:Theorem 2.1.1 Logical Equivalences
Given any statement variables p, q, and r, a tautology t and a contradiction c, the following logical equivalences
hold.
1. Commutative laws:
P Vq = qVp
(p V q) V r = p V (q V r)
p V (q ^ r) = (p v q) ^ (p v r)
P^q = q^p
(p^q)^r=p ^ (q ^ r)
рл (qvr) %3D(рлд)v(р^г)
2. Associative laws:
3. Distributive laws:
4. Identity laws:
p^t=p
V c = p
p
5. Negation laws:
PV ~p=t
P^~p = c
6. Double negative law:
~(~p) = p
7. Idempotent laws:
p V p = p
P^p=p
8. Universal bound laws:
Pvt=t
рлс3Dс
9. De Morgan's laws:
~(p ^ q) = ~p V ~q
p V (p ^ q) = P
(p V q) = ~p^~q
p^ (p v q) = p
10. Absorption laws:
11. Negations of t and c:
~t = c
~c = t
![(р^(~(~руq) V (р ^Ф %3Dр](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fee8b475c-048b-404f-8041-55e6050e0ea3%2Fe6f58673-69ef-49d8-9fb0-b3b61c9b2838%2F3nd3ta.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:(р^(~(~руq) V (р ^Ф %3Dр
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