Chapter 21, Problem 39PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given set of compounds should be arranged in their increasing acidity order.

Concept introduction:

Acidity of the compound is the measure of strength of the acid.  If the acid forms a more stable conjugate base after deprotonation then that acid is said to be more acidic.  The number and the strength of electron withdrawing group attached to the carbon that bears the removable proton determine the acidity of compound.

Answer to Problem 39PP

The ranking of the given set of compounds in increasing acidity order of (a) and (b) is,

Explanation of Solution

(a)

To find: The increasing acidity order for the given set of compounds.

Determine the acidic proton and electron withdrawing groups that is available

The centers that is highlighted in the above structures has the hydrogen which is more susceptible for deprotonations and delocalization. Because the electron withdrawing groups involve the delocalization step. Electron withdrawing groups stabilize the conjugate base while electron-donating groups destabilize the conjugate base. Substituents that are closer to the carboxylic acid have a greater affect on acidity.

Closer the electron withdrawing group more is the acidity and vice versa.

Each of these carboxylic acids is a para-substituted benzoic acids. The relative acid strength depends on the electron withdrawing or electron donating capacity of the substituent.

* Electron withdrawing groups pull electron density away from the ring, thus stabilizing the anionic charge on the conjugate base, thus giving a stronger acid.

* Electron donating groups donate electron density to the ring, thus stabilizing the anionic charge on the conjugate base, resulting a weaker acid.

The carboxylic acids are arranged in order of increasing acid strength.

*Methoxy and methyl groups are strongly and weakly electron donating respectively and bromine atom is weakly electron withdrawing.

*A carbonyl group and a nitro group in the given carboxylic acid is moderate and strong electron withdrawing groups respectively. deprotonated structure of the given carboxylic acid is drawn above. The more closer the electron withdrawing group to the carboxylate ion, the conjugate is more stabilized.  From this we can confirm that p-methoxybenzoic acid < p-methylbenzoic acid< p-bromobenzoic acid<p-acetylbenzoic acid<p-nitrobenzoic acid.

(b)

To find: The increasing acidity order for the given set of compounds.

Determine the acidic proton and electron withdrawing groups that is available

The centers that is highlighted in the above structures has the hydrogen which is more susceptible for deprotonations and delocalization. Because the electron withdrawing groups involve the delocalization step. Electron withdrawing groups stabilize the conjugate base while electron-donating groups destabilize the conjugate base. Substituents that are closer to the carboxylic acid have a greater affect on acidity.

Closer the electron withdrawing group more is the acidity and vice versa.

Each of these carboxylic acids is a bromine-substituted cyclopentanoic acids. The relative acid strength depends on the electron withdrawing or electron donating capacity of the substituent.

* Electron withdrawing groups pull electron density away from the ring, thus stabilizing the anionic charge on the conjugate base, thus giving a stronger acid.

* Electron donating groups donate electron density to the ring, thus stabilizing the anionic charge on the conjugate base, resulting a weaker acid.

The carboxylic acids are arranged in order of increasing acid strength.

*Bromine atom is a weakly electron withdrawing atom, it is closer to the carboxylic acid, the more it stabilizes the anionic charge on the conjugate base.

*The deprotonated structure of the given carboxylic acid is drawn above.  In the first structure the compound has the electron withdrawing group, namely bromine in this case is at $\gamma$ position.  In the second structure the same bromine is at $\beta$ position.  In the third structure the bromine is at $\alpha$ position.  The more closer the electron withdrawing group to the carboxylate ion, the conjugate is more stabilized. So the acidity order is 3-bromocyclopentanecarboxylic acid<2-bromocyclopentanecarboxylic acid < 1-bromocyclopentanecarboxylic acid.

Conclusion

Conclusion

The increasing order of acidity is ranked using the resonance structure of the formed conjugate base, and the order is