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Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
| a. isogenic lines | 1. Fraternal |
| a. QTL | 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| a. response to selection | 3. proportion of total |
| a. association mapping | 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| a. MZ twins | 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| a. DZ twins | 6. Identical |
| a. congenic lines | 7. measure of evolution |
| a. linkage disequilibrium | 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| a. heritability | 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| a. genetic relatedness | 10. contain introgressions |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “isogenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: An isogenic cell line can be defined as the cell line that is specifically engineered from the parental line through gene mutation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
isogenic lines: homozygous for all genomic regions
Explanation of Solution
Isogenic lines are in some manner related to the lines that are non-genetically modified and from which genetically modified strains are developed.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “QTL” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: QTL stands for quantitative trait loci and is a section of DNA which correlates with the specific variations of quantitative trait.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
QTL: genes contributing to complex traits.
Explanation of Solution
QTL stands for Quantative Trait Loci. These are those segments of the DNA in which genes underlying a quantitative trait are considered. Hence, QTL relates to the genes that contribute towards different tratits.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “response to selection” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Response to selection is associated with the type of advantages and the natural selection.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
response to selection: measure of evolution
Explanation of Solution
Response to various types of selection taking place in a species or in a community is shown as the evolution of the species. It changes the heritable characters over many generations.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “association mapping” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Mapping can be defined as the methods that are used for the identification of gene locus.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
association mapping: takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history.
Explanation of Solution
Mapping of loci contributing towards the quantitative trait is done by the method of association mapping. The process of association mapping takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link the phenotypes and the genotypes.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “MZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Monozygotic twins are those that are produced with the help of single zygote and possesses similar features.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
MZ twins: identical
Explanation of Solution
An embryo developed by separation of a single zygote gives rise to monozygotic twins. These twins are identical to each other in all aspects, genetically as well as phenotypically.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Fertilization leads to the development of the zygote. When two different eggs and sperms are involved in the process, it results in the development of dizygotic twins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DZ twins: fraternal
Explanation of Solution
Fertilization of two different eggs with the help of two different sperms gives rise to dizygotic twins. These twins are not identical to each other. Dizygotic embryos get implanted in the uterus at the same time. They are also known as fraternal twins.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “congenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The congenic types of strains are developed in the laboratory conditions by the process of mating of two different inbred strains.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
congenic lines: contains introgressions
Explanation of Solution
Organisms having genetic difference only at a single locus relates to the congenic lines.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “linkage disequilibrium” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The process of linkage and equilibrium of alleles are associated with the process of disequilibrium.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
linkage disequilibrium: blocks of association between variants at different loci
Explanation of Solution
Disequilibrium in the linkage and association of alleles at two or more loci are related to each other. It is the difference between the observed frequencies of a combination of two or more alleles that are present on different loci.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “heritability” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Heritability can be defined as the statistic unit in the field of genetics and breeding that helps in the estimation of degree of variation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
heritability: proportion of phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of the phenotypic variance that to the variation in the genotype is given by heritability.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic relatedness” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Proportion or amount of genes can be estimated with the help of quantitative estimation that are shared among two persons.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
genetic relatedness: 0.5 for siblings
Explanation of Solution
Quantitative estimation for the proportion of genes that are shared between two individuals is given by genetic relatedness. In a family, siblings from the same parents have a 0.5 genetic relatedness.
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