Concept explainers
To explain: Where and when agriculture started in the Fertile Crescent.
Introduction: Agriculture or domestication of plants involves cultivation of selected plant species for food and other requirements by humans.
Explanation of Solution
At least 11 different independent centers have been identified throughout the world where agriculture has been considered to have begun by humans. Out of these, the Fertile Crescent is considered to be the oldest known center of agriculture. The Fertile Crescent is an area in the Near East, which includes the parts of the present day countries of Israel, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. Studies show that plant domestication began at the Fertile Crescent around 13,000 to 11,000 years ago.
To name: The plants that were important as early crops.
Introduction: Plants that are primarily grown by humans to meet food and other requirements are called crop plants.
Explanation of Solution
Plants that were first brought under cultivation in the Fertile Crescent at the beginning of agriculture included wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp) and early forms of wheat (emmer and einkorn wheat) along with peas (Pisum sativum) and lentils (Lens culinaris).
Other plants in the area that were included in cultivation were chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), olives (Olea europaea), Vicia spp., pomegranates (Punica granatum), dates (Phoenix dactylifera), and grapes (Vitis vinifera). Grapes and barley were used from a very early time for brewing wine and beer respectively.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) was also included in cultivated crops from very early times, most probably both as a source of fiber for cloth and food. Studies have also indicated cultivation of figs in the Jordan Valley, about 11,400 to 11,200 years ago. Thus, legumes along with cereals, were among the important plants that were first cultivated during the beginnings of agriculture in different parts of the world.
Other regions where agriculture began, such as Yellow river regions of China began cultivation of millets, rice, and soybeans. In parts of tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Hawaii, and New Guinea, early crops included root crops, various legumes, mango, citrus fruits, taro (Colocasia esculenta), Xanthosoma, bananas, sugarcane, yam, sorghum, vegetables, and cotton. Coffee cultivation originated from Africa, and it became a commercially important crop later in the early era.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
- Identify the indicated tissue. (Tilia stem x.s.) parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma xylem phloem none of thesearrow_forwardIdentify the indicated structure. (Cucurbita stem l.s.) pit lenticel stomate tendril none of thesearrow_forwardIdentify the specific cell? (Zebrina leaf peel) vessel element sieve element companion cell tracheid guard cell subsidiary cell none of thesearrow_forward
- What type of cells flank the opening on either side? (leaf x.s.) vessel elements sieve elements companion cells tracheids guard cells none of thesearrow_forwardWhat specific cell is indicated. (Cucurbita stem I.s.) vessel element sieve element O companion cell tracheid guard cell none of thesearrow_forwardWhat specific cell is indicated? (Aristolochia stem x.s.) vessel element sieve element ○ companion cell O O O O O tracheid O guard cell none of thesearrow_forward
- Identify the tissue. parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma ○ xylem O phloem O none of thesearrow_forwardPlease answer q3arrow_forwardRespond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: How might CRISPR-Cas 9 be used in research or, eventually, therapeutically in patients? What are some potential ethical issues associated with using this technology? Do the advantages of using this technology outweigh the disadvantages (or vice versa)? Explain your position.arrow_forward
- You are studying the effect of directional selection on body height in three populations (graphs a, b, and c below). (a) What is the selection differential? Show your calculation. (2 pts) (b) Which population has the highest narrow sense heritability for height? Explain your answer. (2 pts) (c) If you examined the offspring in the next generation in each population, which population would have the highest mean height? Why? (2 pts) (a) Midoffspring height (average height of offspring) Short Short Short Short (c) Short (b) Short Tall Short Tall Short Short Tall Midparent height (average height of Mean of population = 65 inches Mean of breading parents = 70 inches Mean of population = 65 inches Mean of breading parents = 70 inches Mean of population = 65 inches Mean of breading parents = 70 inchesarrow_forwardP You are studying a population of 100 flowers that has two alleles at a locus for flower color, blue (B) and green (G). There are 15 individuals with the BB genotype, 70 individuals with the BG genotype, and 15 individuals with the GG genotype. (a) What are the allele frequencies of B and G in the starting population? Show your calculations. (2 pts) (b) Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Show your calculations. (3 pts) 12pt v Paragraph BIU UA AV & VT2V f CO Varrow_forwardIn a natural population of outbreeding plants, the variance of the total number of seeds per plant is 16. From the natural population, 20 plants are taken into the laboratory and developed into separate true-breeding lines by self- fertilization-with selection for high, low, or medium number of seeds-for 10 generations. The average variance in the tenth generation in each of the 20 sets is about equal and averages 5.8 across all the sets. Estimate the broad-sense heritability for seed number in this population. (4 pts) 12pt v Paragraph BIUA V V T² v B ① O wordsarrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education