Chapter 21, Problem 18P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The products formed in the given reactions are to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

Suzuki Miyaura coupling is a palladium catalyzed reaction in which an alkenyl or an aryl borate couples with an alkenyl or aryl halides. In this reaction, the stereochemistry of the reactants is retained in the products.

Heck–Mizoroki reaction is a coupling reaction between an alkene and an alkenyl or an aryl halide in presence of palladium catalyst and a base, usually an amine, at an elevated temperature. The active palladium catalyst involved in the reaction has two ligands only. So, it is coordinatively unsaturated.

Sonogashira coupling is the reaction in which an alkyne reacts with an alkenyl or an aryl halide in the presence of a mixture of catalytic palladium and copper (I).

In these reactions, carbon–carbon bond formation takes place using palladium as a catalyst.