a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid Interpretation: Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity. Concept introduction: Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group . To arrange: Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Question

The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

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The table includes macrostates characterized by 4 energy levels (&) that are equally spaced but with different degrees of occupation. a) Calculate the energy of all the macrostates (in joules). See if they all have the same energy and number of particles. b) Calculate the macrostate that is most likely to exist. For this macrostate, show that the population of the levels is consistent with the Boltzmann distribution. macrostate 1 macrostate 2 macrostate 3 ε/k (K) Populations Populations Populations 300 5 3 4 200 7 9 8 100 15 17 16 0 33 31 32 DATO: k = 1,38×10-23 J K-1

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In an experiment, the viscosity of water was measured at different temperatures and the table was constructed from the data obtained. a) Calculate the activation energy of viscous flow (kJ/mol). b) Calculate the viscosity at 30°C. T/°C 0 20 40 60 80 η/cpoise 1,972 1,005 0,656 0,469 0,356

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

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Answer 5

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 6

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 7

Chapter 20.SE, Problem 36AP

Interpretation Introduction

a) Acetic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid

Interpretation:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

b) p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid

Interpretation:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

p-Bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

c) Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid, iodoacetic acid

Interpretation:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Concept introduction:

Any electron withdrawing group present in the acid increases the acidity of the acid while any electron releasing group present in the acid decreases the acidity. Inductive effect decreases with increasing distance of the substituent from the functional group.

To arrange:

Fluoroacetic acid, 3-fluoropropanoic acid and iodoacetic acid in the increasing order of their acidity.

Answer 12

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Answer 23

Ch. 20.1 - Give IUPAC names for the following compounds:Ch. 20.1 - Draw structures corresponding to the following...Ch. 20.2 - Prob. 3P Ch. 20.2 - The Ka for dichloroacetic acid is 3.32 Ă— 10-2....Ch. 20.3 - Calculate the percentages of dissociated and...Ch. 20.4 - Which would you expect to be a stronger acid, the...Ch. 20.4 - Dicarboxylic acids have two dissociation...Ch. 20.4 - The pKa of p-cyclopropylbenzoic acid is 4.45. Is...Ch. 20.4 - Prob. 9P Ch. 20.5 - Prob. 10P

Solution Summary: The author explains that acetic acid, oxalic acid and formic acid are to be arranged in the increasing order of their acidity.

Chapter 20 Solutions