Case Study:
Company E is developing educational software for the primary and secondary school markets. In order to maintain the market place the owner entrusted the
To determine:
Factors to be considered for decision making
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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
- David Lyons, CEO of Lyons Solar Technologies, is concerned about his firms level of debt financing. The company uses short-term debt to finance its temporary working capital needs, but it does not use any permanent (long-term) debt. Other solar technology companies have debt, and Mr. Lyons wonders why they use debt and what its effects are on stock prices. To gain some insights into the matter, he poses the following questions to you, his recently hired assistant: e. Suppose the expected free cash flow for Year 1 is 250,000 but it is expected to grow faster than 7% during the next 3 years: FCF2 = 290,000 and FCF3 = 320,000, after which it will grow at a constant rate of 7%. The expected interest expense at Year 1 is 128,000, but it is expected to grow over the next couple of years before the capital structure becomes constant: Interest expense at Year 2 will be 152,000, at Year 3 it will be 192,000 and it will grow at 7% thereafter. What is the estimated horizon unlevered value of operations (i.e., the value at Year 3 immediately after the FCF at Year 3)? What is the current unlevered value of operations? What is the horizon value of the tax shield at Year 3? What is the current value of the tax shield? What is the current total value? The tax rate and unlevered cost of equity remain at 25% and 14%, respectively.arrow_forwardYou have a successful shop and feel that the demand for your shop has outpaced your capacity. You have decided to pitch your idea to a venture capitalist (VC). You brought in your income statement as you highlight that last year your gross profit was $500,000. the VC tells you that number is pointless. He asks you for your net profit. What information was the VC looking for? Why?arrow_forwardLarissa Warren and Dan Ervin have been discussing the future of East Coast Yachts. The companyhas been experiencing fast growth, and the future looks like clear sailing. However, the fast growthmeans that the company’s growth can no longer be funded by internal sources, so Larissa and Dan havedecided the time is right to take the company public. To this end, they have entered into discussionswith the investment bank of Crowe & Mallard. The company has a working relationship with Robin Perry,the underwriter who assisted with the company’s previous bond offering. Crowe & Mallard have helpednumerous small companies in the IPO process, so Larissa and Dan feel confident with this choice.Robin begins by telling Larissa and Dan about the process. Although Crowe & Mallard charged anunderwriter fee of 4 percent on the bond offering, the underwriter fee is 7 percent on all initial stockofferings of the size of East Coast Yachts’ initial offering. Robin tells Larissa and Dan that the…arrow_forward
- Consider the following thoughts of a manager at the end of the companys third quarter: If I can increase my reported profit by 2 million, the actual earnings per share will exceed analysts expectations, and stock prices will increase. The stock options that I am holding will become more valuable. The extra income will also make me eligible to receive a significant bonus. With a son headed to college, it would be good if I could cash in some of these options to help pay his expenses. However, my vice president of finance indicates that such an increase is unlikely. The projected profit for the fourth quarter will just about meet the expected earnings per share. There may be ways, though, that I can achieve the desired outcome. First, I can instruct all divisional managers that their preventive maintenance budgets are reduced by 25 percent for the fourth quarter. That should reduce maintenance expenses by approximately 1 million. Second, I can increase the estimated life of the existing equipment, producing a reduction of depreciation by another 500,000. Third, I can reduce the salary increases for those being promoted by 50 percent. And that should easily put us over the needed increase of 2 million. Required: Comment on the ethical content of the earnings management being considered by the manager. Is there an ethical dilemma? What is the right choice for the manager to make? Is there any way to redesign the accounting reporting system to discourage the type of behavior the manager is contemplating?arrow_forwardDavid Lyons, CEO of Lyons Solar Technologies, is concerned about his firms level of debt financing. The company uses short-term debt to finance its temporary working capital needs, but it does not use any permanent (long-term) debt. Other solar technology companies have debt, and Mr. Lyons wonders why they use debt and what its effects are on stock prices. To gain some insights into the matter, he poses the following questions to you, his recently hired assistant: d. Suppose that Firms U and L have the same input values as in Part c except for debt of 980,000. Also, both firms have total net operating capital of 2,000,000 and both firms are expected to grow at a constant rate of 7%. (Assume that the EBIT in part c is expected at t = 1.) Use the compressed adjusted present value (APV) model to estimate the value of U and L. Also estimate the levered cost of equity and the weighted average cost of capital.arrow_forwardYou have invested in a business that proudly reports that it is profitable. Your investment of $4800 has produced a profit of $298. The managers think that if you leave your $4800 invested with them, they should be able to generate S298 per year in profits for you in perpetuity. Evaluating other investment opportunities, you note that other long-term investments of similar risk offer an expected return of 8%. Should you remain invested in this firm? The expected return of your investment is %. (Round to one decimal place.)arrow_forward
- The Boulder Brass Works Company (BBWC) is a small-capitalization machine shop that has found a rapidly growing niche market for its custom-machined brass parts. Its business is growing so fast that it has decided not to pay a dividend next year. However, in year 2 it expects its growth to decelerate and so plans to begin paying dividends at that time. At the end of year 2 it plans to pay a dividend of $5.00. At the end of year 3 it plays to pay a dividend of $15.00. Beginning in year 4, BBWC's management believes that the company will have entered its middle age. Management anticipates being able to sustain a dividend growth rate of 3% per year in year 4 and every year thereafter. Firms with similar growth and risk characteristics return 18% per year to their equity investors. What is BBWC's intrinsic value?arrow_forwardYou have invested in a business that proudly reports that it is profitable. Your investment of $5,000 has produced a profit of $300. The managers think that if you leave your $5,000 invested with them, they should be able to generate $300 per year in profits for you in perpetuity. Evaluating other investment opportunities, you note that other long-term investments of similar risk offer an expected return of 8%. Should you remain invested in this firm? The expected return of your investment is %. (Round to one decimal place.) (Select from the drop-down menus.) If projects that are similar in horizon and risk are offering an expected return of 8%, then this business earning your opportunity cost of capital, and you should remain invested invest elsewherearrow_forwardA friend has started a business. His product is a great success and the firm quickly grows large enough to be able to sell stock. The firm promises to pay a dividend of $8 per share every year for the next 53 years at which point the friend intends to shut down the business. The firm's stock is currently selling for $78 per share. If you believe that the company really will pay dividends as states and if you require a rate of return of 12% to make this investment, should you buy the stock? 1. No, according to the fundamental value equation, the price will be equal to $78 2. Yes, according to the fundamental value equation, the price will be more than $78 3. Yes, according to the fundamental value equation, the price will be less than $78 4. No, according to the fundamental value equation, the price will be less that $78 Please choose one of the options and explainarrow_forward
- During the last few years, Helney Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Helney’s cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task:(1) The firm’s tax rate is 40%.(2) The current price of Harry Davis’s 12% coupon, semi-annual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1,225.72. Helney does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis.(3) The current price of the firm’s 10%, $100 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $117.(4) Helney’s common stock is currently selling at $50 per share. Its last dividend (D0) was $3.12, and dividends…arrow_forwardSheaves Corporation economists estimate that a good business environment and a bad business environment are equally likely for the coming year. Management must choose between two mutually exclusive projects. Assume that the project chosen will be the firm’s only activity and that the firm will close one year from today. The firm is obligated to make a $5,400 payment to bondholders at the end of the year. The projects have the same systematic risk, but different volatilities. Consider the following information pertaining to the two projects: Economy Probability Low-VolatilityProject Payoff High-VolatilityProject Payoff Bad .50 $5,400 $4,800 Good .50 6,550 7,150 a. What is the expected value of the firm if the low-volatility project is undertaken? What if the high-volatility project is undertaken? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answers to the nearest whole dollar, e.g., 32.) b. What is the…arrow_forwardYou are a venture capitalist and have been approached by Cirrus Electronics, aprivate firm. The firm has no debt outstanding and does not have earnings now but isexpected to be earning $15 million in four years, when you also expect it to go public.The average price-earnings ratio of other firms in this business is 50.a. Estimate the exit value of Cirrus Electronics.b. If your target rate of return is 35 percent, estimate the discounted terminal valueof Cirrus Electronics.c. If you are contributing $75 million of venture capital to Cirrus Electronics, at aminimum what percentage of the firm value would you demand in return?arrow_forward
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