Chapter 20, Problem 38P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthesis of each of the given compounds from the given starting material is to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Amines are the organic compounds that contain an amino group $(-{\text{NH}}_2)$.

They can act as nucleophiles and electrophiles in organic reactions.

Amines can be classified into three categories: primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines.

Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

The reaction of haloalkanes with ammonia leads to the formation of quarternary ammonium salts as a product, in which the nitrogen atom bears positive charge and the bromide ions exists in the solution to maintain the electrical neutrality of the solution.

Alcohols react with ${\text{PBr}}_3$ leads to the formation of a bromine-substituted product, in which hydroxyl groups are replaced by bromine atoms.