Chapter 2, Problem 64IP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Molecular formula of the given formula has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular formula shows that the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $s{p}^3$ hybridized carbon atoms that are present in this given structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $s{p}^2$ hybridized carbon atoms that are present in this given structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of $sp$ hybridized carbon atoms that are present in this given structure has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lone pair of electrons present in the given structure has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Steps to determine the lone of pair of electrons,

• Appropriate valence electron has to be known.
• The actual number of valence electrons exhibited by the atom has to be known.
• Count the number of bonds and assign the number of lone pair.

A formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electronegativity by thinking that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally among atoms. Electrons can be tracked by formal charge.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The lone pair of electrons on nitrogen is delocalized or not has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Steps to determine the lone of pair of electrons,

• Appropriate valence electron has to be known.
• The actual number of valence electrons exhibited by the atom has to be known.
• Count the number of bonds and assign the number of lone pair.

A formal charge (FC) is the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, irrespective of relative electronegativity by thinking that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally among atoms. Electrons can be tracked by formal charge.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Geometry of the atoms except hydrogen has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The steric number is the combination of both number of $\sigma$ -bonds and number of lone pairs involved in a particular molecule.

The geometry of the central atom will be determined by counting the steric number followed by the hybridization state of that central atom and finally electronic arrangement of atoms in space.

If the steric number is 4, the central atom is sp³ hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be tetrahedral.

If the steric number is 3, the central atom is sp² hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be trigonal planar.

If the steric number is 2, the central atom is sp hybridized and the electronic arrangement of atoms in space (i.e. geometry) will be linear.

$s{p}^3$ hybridized =    tetrahedral.

    trigonal pyramidal(if one lone pair of electron is present).

    bent geometry (if two lone pair of electrons are present).

$s{p}^2$ hybridized =    trigonal planar.

$sp$ hybridized =    linear

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The resonance structures of cycloserine have to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

The unshared electrons of an atom that does not involve in bonding are called lone pair.

Curved arrows are necessary in drawing the resonance structure.

Curved arrows has a head indicating that the electrons are coming and tail indicating that the electrons are going.

The two rules in drawing the resonance structure is,

• Breaking of single bond is not allowed.
• Never exceed an octet for second row elements.

When a single Lewis structure does not represent a structure adequately, the true structure is the intermediate between the two or more structure referred to as resonance structure.