CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables. a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results? b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph. State 1997 2012 Homicides Population Homicides Population New Jersey 338 8,053,000 388 8,864,590 Iowa 52 2,852,000 45 3,074,186 Alabama 426 4,139,000 342 4,882,023 Texas 1327 19,439,000 1144 26,059,203 California 2579 32,268,000 1884 38,041,430 Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports . Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls Province 1997 2012 Homicides Population Homicides Population Nova Scotia 24 936,100 17 945,100 Quebec 132 7,323,600 108 8,043,600 Ontario 178 11,387,400 162 13,490,500 Manitoba 31 1,137,900 52 1,274,100 British Columbia 116 3,997,100 71 4,678,100 Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.4P

CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables.

a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results?

b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph.

State	1997		2012
State	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
New Jersey	338	8,053,000	388	8,864,590
Iowa	52	2,852,000	45	3,074,186
Alabama	426	4,139,000	342	4,882,023
Texas	1327	19,439,000	1144	26,059,203
California	2579	32,268,000	1884	38,041,430

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls

Province	1997		2012
Province	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
Nova Scotia	24	936,100	17	945,100
Quebec	132	7,323,600	108	8,043,600
Ontario	178	11,387,400	162	13,490,500
Manitoba	31	1,137,900	52	1,274,100
British Columbia	116	3,997,100	71	4,678,100

Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.4P

CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables.

a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results?

b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph.

State	1997		2012
State	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
New Jersey	338	8,053,000	388	8,864,590
Iowa	52	2,852,000	45	3,074,186
Alabama	426	4,139,000	342	4,882,023
Texas	1327	19,439,000	1144	26,059,203
California	2579	32,268,000	1884	38,041,430

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls

Province	1997		2012
Province	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
Nova Scotia	24	936,100	17	945,100
Quebec	132	7,323,600	108	8,043,600
Ontario	178	11,387,400	162	13,490,500
Manitoba	31	1,137,900	52	1,274,100
British Columbia	116	3,997,100	71	4,678,100

Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.4P

CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables.

a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results?

b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph.

State	1997		2012
State	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
New Jersey	338	8,053,000	388	8,864,590
Iowa	52	2,852,000	45	3,074,186
Alabama	426	4,139,000	342	4,882,023
Texas	1327	19,439,000	1144	26,059,203
California	2579	32,268,000	1884	38,041,430

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls

Province	1997		2012
Province	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
Nova Scotia	24	936,100	17	945,100
Quebec	132	7,323,600	108	8,043,600
Ontario	178	11,387,400	162	13,490,500
Manitoba	31	1,137,900	52	1,274,100
British Columbia	116	3,997,100	71	4,678,100

Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 2.4P

CJ The numbers of homicides in five U.S. states and five Canadian provinces for the years 1997 and 2012 are presented in two accompanying tables.

a. Calculate the homicide rate per 100,000 populations for each state and each province for each year. Relatively speaking, which state and which province had the highest homicide rates in each year? Which society seems to have the higher homicide rate? Write a paragraph describing these results?

b. Using the rates you calculated in part a, calculate the percent change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and each province. Which states and provinces had the largest increase and decrease? Which society seems to have the largest change in homicide rates? Summarize your results in a paragraph.

State	1997		2012
State	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
New Jersey	338	8,053,000	388	8,864,590
Iowa	52	2,852,000	45	3,074,186
Alabama	426	4,139,000	342	4,882,023
Texas	1327	19,439,000	1144	26,059,203
California	2579	32,268,000	1884	38,041,430

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved from http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/4tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_4_crime_in_the_united_states_by_region_geographic_division_and_state_2011-2012.xls

Province	1997		2012
Province	Homicides	Population	Homicides	Population
Nova Scotia	24	936,100	17	945,100
Quebec	132	7,323,600	108	8,043,600
Ontario	178	11,387,400	162	13,490,500
Manitoba	31	1,137,900	52	1,274,100
British Columbia	116	3,997,100	71	4,678,100

Source: Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/legal12a-eng.htm

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

To determine

a)

To calculate:

The homicide rate per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year.

Answer 13

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

The homicide rates per 100, 000 populations for each state and each province for each year are:

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Answer 14

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

Rate = Actual OccurrenceTotal number of possible occurrence*Some unit

For State:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 338, and Total number of possible occurrence = 8, 053, 000, therefore, rate of Homicides in the state New Jersey is:

Rate = 3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20.

Continuing in the similar way for other states, we have,

State	1997	2012
State	Rate	Homicides
New Jersey	3388,053,000*100,000= 4.20	3888,864,590*100,000= 4.38
Iowa	522,852,000*100,000= 1.82	453,074,186*100,000= 1.46
Alabama	4264,139,000*100,000= 10.29	3424,882,023*100,000= 7.01
Texas	132719,439,000*100,000= 6.83	114426,059,203*100,000= 4.39
California	257932,268,000*100,000=7.99	188438,041,430*100,000= 4.95

For Province:

For rate per 100, 000, substitute Actual occurrence = 24, and Total number of possible occurrence = 936, 100, therefore, rate of Homicides in the Province Nova Scotia is:

Rate = 24936,100*100,000= 2.56

Continuing in the similar way for other Provinces, we have,

Province	1997	2012
Province	Homicides	Homicides
Nova Scotia	24936,100*100,000= 2.56	17945,100*100,000= 1.80
Quebec	1327,323,600*100,000= 1.80	1088,043,600*100,000= 1.34
Ontario	17811,387,400*100,000 = 1.56	16213,490,500*100,000 = 1.20
Manitoba	311,137,900*100,000= 2.72	521,274,100*100,000 = 4.08
British Columbia	1163,997,100*100,000= 2.90	714,678,100*100,000= 1.52

In the year 1997, the state Alabama has the highest homicide rate of 10.29 compare to other states. In the year 2012, the state California has the highest homicide rate of 4.95 compare to other states.

In the year 1997, the Province British Columbia has the highest homicide rate of 2.90 compare to other Provinces. In the year 2012, the Province Manitoba has the highest homicide rate of 4.08 compare to other provinces.

By comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 1997, the homicide rate is higher for states; however, by comparing the homicide rates of the states and provinces of the year 2012, the homicide rate is higher for Provinces.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

To determine

b)

To calculate:

The percentage change between 1997 and 2012 for each state and province

Answer 20

Answer to Problem 2.4P

Solution:

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.

Answer 21

Explanation of Solution

Formula Used:

The formula of percent change is: f2−f1f1*100.

Here, f1 is the value of the past year.

f2 is the value of the current year.

Now, for the state New Jersey,

f1 = 4.20.

f2 = 4.38.

The percent change is 4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
New Jersey	4.38−4.204.20*100= 4.28
Iowa	1.46−1.821.82*100= -19.72
Alabama	7.01−10.2910.29*100= -31.94
Texas	4.39−6.836.83*100= -35.69
California	4.95−7.997.99*100= -38.04

Now, for the province Nova Scotia,

f1 = 2.56.

f2 = 1.80.

The percent change is 1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84.

Continuing in the same way for other states, we have,

State	Percent Change
Nova Scotia	1.80−2.562.56*100= -29.84
Quebec	1.34−1.801.80*100= -25.51
Ontario	1.20−1.561.56*100= -23.18
Manitoba	4.08−2.722.72*100= 49.81
British Columbia	1.52−2.902.90*100= -47.70

The state New Jersey has the largest increase and the state California has the largest decrease in the rate. The province Manitoba has the largest increase and the province British Columbia has the largest decrease.