Why oceans do not freeze. Introduction: Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics:Two-Compartment Model Instant Absorption Questions SHOW ALL WORK, including equation used, variables used and each step to your solution, report your regression lines and axes names (with units if appropriate) :Calculate a-q a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)

Glitazones reduce insulin resistance by binding to a transcription factor in adipocytes, thereby reducing thesecretion of fatty acids. Glitazones are taken orally (in pill form). Using pharmacokinetic modeling, deriveequations to describe how the concentration of glitazones varies in the plasma as a function of time. Yourequations should be of the form: dCglitazone /dt = something, or dMglitazone /dt = something. Your model shouldinclude three compartments: the gut, the plasma, and the fatty tissues. Make sure to include a diagram thatillustrates your thinking, state all assumptions, and define your variables. Do not solve the equations.

Case Study—Ella Review the case study and then answer Parts A through F. Ella has a family history of diabetes. She wants to follow a healthful eating pattern that can lower her risk for developing this condition. Her dietitian recommends a goal of 450 to 600 kcal per meal and advises Ella to follow the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, which recommend limiting added sugar. She also recommends that Ella choose whole grains rather than processed grains. Ella decides to pack a lunch to take to work every day. This morning she’s making a sandwich for her lunch. Categories of Sandwich Options (Top of the screen) Breads Spreads Cheeses Vegetables Proteins Specific food items to select White Bread 6-inches Honey Mustard Provolone LettuceTomatoBell Peppers Turkey Part A - Reading Nutrition Facts Panels for Total Kilocalories How many total kilocalories are in Ella’s sandwich? _____…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Answer 6

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.

Conclusion

The salt in water lowers the freezing point of water due to which ocean water does not freeze.

Answer 7

Chapter 2, Problem 1TC

Summary Introduction

To explain:

Why oceans do not freeze.

Introduction:

Water is the universal solvent. It is a polar molecule so it dissolves only polar molecules. Substances (solute) dissociate due to the polarity of both solute and solvent. Solutes change the characteristics of the solvent like lowering the freezing point and elevating the boiling point.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Ocean water is saline which means it has salt in it, mostly sodium chloride (common salt). Sodium chloride ( $NaCl$ ) is formed by an ionic bond and so are polar. Sodium (Na⁺) has a positive charge and chloride (Cl^-) has a negative charge.

Similar is the case with water (H₂O). Oxygen has a negative charge (O^-) while hydrogen atoms (H⁺) have a positive charge. $NaCl$ dissociates in water. The positive sodium is attracted by the negative oxygen of water. And the negative chloride ion attracted to the positive hydrogen of water. Thus, a sodium ion is surrounded by water with oxygen facing the sodium ion and a chloride ion is surrounded by water with hydrogen facing the chloride ion.

When water experiences cold temperatures it initially shrinks and becomes dense till $4 ° C$ (water is densest here). Further decrease in temperature does not allow water molecules to move and the hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules apart so its density decreases again and water freezes. That is why ice has a lower density than water and floats.

However, due to the sodium chloride mixed in water, the hydrogen bonds are not allowed to open and water molecules’ movement does not stop. The vapor pressure is also decreased by the solute (salt). Hence, the freezing point of salt water is lowered to $-2 ° C$ from $0 ° C$ .

Also at times when water does freeze on reaching this temperature, only the top layer freezes. The water below it is insulated from cold by the ice and life continues below it.