Concept explainers
a) Acrylonitrile, C3H3N, which contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond.
Interpretation:
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Nitrogen with five valence electrons can form three covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in acrylonitrile molecule. Two carbons are joined by a double bond and the third carbon is involved in forming triple bond with nitrogen and a single bond with second carbon. Out of the five valence electrons available, nitrogen has utilized only three electrons in forming the triple bond. Therefore a lone pair of electron remains on nitrogen. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as
Structure of acrylonitrile, C3H3N, with a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon- nitrogen triple bond along with lone pair of electrons.
b) Ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms
Interpretation:
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
Explanation of Solution
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, with an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds. Oxygen with six valence electrons can form two covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form one covalent bond. There are three carbons in ethyl methyl ether molecule. Since the oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms, the third carbon must be attached to any one of the carbons bonded to oxygen atom. Hence the skeleton structure of ethyl methyl ether will be C-C-O-C. Out of the six valence electrons available, oxygen has utilized only two electrons in forming the bonds. Therefore two lone pairs of electrons remain on oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are distributed on different carbon atoms depending upon their valence requirements giving the structure as H3C-CH2-O-CH3.
Structure of ethyl methyl ether, C3H8O, which contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
c) Butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms.
Interpretation:
Structure of butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of butane, C4H10.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of butane, C4H10, which contains a chain of four carbon atoms along with lone pair of electrons is
d) Cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.
Interpretation:
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is to be drawn.
Concept introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of two electrons between the atoms, each atom giving one electron for sharing. Such a covalent bond, that is, a pair of shared electrons is represented as a line between the atoms, for example as A-B. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of electrons that the atom requires for making the octet in its valence shell. Valence electrons that are not used for bonding are called lone-pair of electrons or nonbonding electrons.
Answer to Problem 33AP
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, which contains a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond.
Explanation of Solution
Structure of cyclohexene, C6H10, with a ring of six carbon atoms and one carbon-carbon double bond along with lone pair of electrons is required. Carbon with four valence electrons can form four covalent bonds while hydrogen with one valence electron an form only one covalent bond. The carbons are to be arranged in the form a ring with two carbons attached through a double bond and two single bonds and others through four by single bonds. The ten hydrogen atoms are distributed on these six carbons satisfying their valence requirements. Thus no lone pair of electrons remains on either carbon or hydrogen. The structure of cyclohexene is
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Chapter 1 Solutions
EBK ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship between k' and N. Plate Count (N) 4000 3500 2500 2000 1500 1000 Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22 nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000 Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS (30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles, except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm, column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C, and injection volume 0.5 μL Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene) FMS 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ; 500 0 5 10…arrow_forwardf. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7 would change if the temperature were raised from 40 °C to 55 °C. Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red; nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6 mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion. Reduced Plate Height (h) ° 20 40 60 Reduced Velocity (v) 8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are obtained: Ppb benzene Peak area benzene Peak area toluene 10.0 252 376 Sample 533 368 What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?arrow_forwardLiquid chromatography has been used to track the concentration of remdesivir (a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, structure shown at right) in COVID patients undergoing experimental treatments. Intensity The authors provide the following details regarding standard solutions preparation: HN CN HO OH NH2 Remdesivir (RDV) stock solution (5000 µg/mL) was prepared by dissolving RDV drug powder using the mixture of DMSO: MeOH (30:70 v/v). The RDV working standard solutions for calibration and quality controls were prepared using methanol in concentrations of 100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01 µg/mL. 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 5000 ng/mL sample solutions were prepared freshly by spiking calibration standard solutions into the blank human plasma samples for method calibration. a) What type of calibration method is being described? Why do you think the authors chose this method as opposed to another? b) Based on the details provided in part a, describe an appropriate method blank…arrow_forward
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