The mechanism should be drawn for the following transformation. Concept Introduction : Acetal formation : Acetal derivative of aldehyde and ketone are prepared by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction with alcohols and diols. Acetals are germinal-diether derivatives of aldehydes or ketones . Ketone derivatives of acetal once called ketal , but in modern usages has dropped this name. Acid catalyzed formation reaction mechanism : Step-1 : An acid or base reaction, there is only a weak nucleophile we need to active the carbonyl group by protonating on O. Step2 : The nucleophilic O in the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C in the C=O, braking the pi-bond and giving the electrons to the positive O. Step-3: An acid or base reaction, deprotonation of alcoholic oxonium ion neutralizes the charging giving the hemi acetal. Step-4: In order for the –OH to leave we need to make it a better leaving group by protonation. Step 5: Using the electrons form the other O leaving group departure is facilitated. Step-6: The Nucleophilic O of the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C and the electrons of the pi- bonds to move to neutralize the charge on the positive O. Step-7 : Deprotonation of the alcoholic oxonium neutralizes the charge the charge on the positive O.

Question

1) Calculate the longest and shortest wavelengths in the Lyman and Paschen series. 2) Calculate the ionization energy of He* and L2+ ions in their ground states. 3) Calculate the kinetic energy of the electron emitted upon irradiation of a H-atom in ground state by a 50-nm radiation.

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 19.5, Problem 8PTS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism should be drawn for the following transformation.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: Acetal derivative of aldehyde and ketone are prepared by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction with alcohols and diols.

Acetals are germinal-diether derivatives of aldehydes or ketones.

Ketone derivatives of acetal once called ketal, but in modern usages has dropped this name.

Acid catalyzed formation reaction mechanism:

Step-1: An acid or base reaction, there is only a weak nucleophile we need to active the carbonyl group by protonating on O.

Step2: The nucleophilic O in the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C in the C=O, braking the pi-bond and giving the electrons to the positive O.

Step-3: An acid or base reaction, deprotonation of alcoholic oxonium ion neutralizes the charging giving the hemi acetal.

Step-4: In order for the –OH to leave we need to make it a better leaving group by protonation.

Step 5: Using the electrons form the other O leaving group departure is facilitated.

Step-6: The Nucleophilic O of the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C and the electrons of the pi- bonds to move to neutralize the charge on the positive O.

Step-7: Deprotonation of the alcoholic oxonium neutralizes the charge the charge on the positive O.

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1) Calculate the longest and shortest wavelengths in the Lyman and Paschen series. 2) Calculate the ionization energy of He* and L2+ ions in their ground states. 3) Calculate the kinetic energy of the electron emitted upon irradiation of a H-atom in ground state by a 50-nm radiation.

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 19.5, Problem 8PTS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism should be drawn for the following transformation.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: Acetal derivative of aldehyde and ketone are prepared by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction with alcohols and diols.

Acetals are germinal-diether derivatives of aldehydes or ketones.

Ketone derivatives of acetal once called ketal, but in modern usages has dropped this name.

Acid catalyzed formation reaction mechanism:

Step-1: An acid or base reaction, there is only a weak nucleophile we need to active the carbonyl group by protonating on O.

Step2: The nucleophilic O in the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C in the C=O, braking the pi-bond and giving the electrons to the positive O.

Step-3: An acid or base reaction, deprotonation of alcoholic oxonium ion neutralizes the charging giving the hemi acetal.

Step-4: In order for the –OH to leave we need to make it a better leaving group by protonation.

Step 5: Using the electrons form the other O leaving group departure is facilitated.

Step-6: The Nucleophilic O of the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C and the electrons of the pi- bonds to move to neutralize the charge on the positive O.

Step-7: Deprotonation of the alcoholic oxonium neutralizes the charge the charge on the positive O.

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Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 19.5, Problem 8PTS

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The mechanism should be drawn for the following transformation.

Concept Introduction:

Acetal formation: Acetal derivative of aldehyde and ketone are prepared by an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction with alcohols and diols.

Acetals are germinal-diether derivatives of aldehydes or ketones.

Ketone derivatives of acetal once called ketal, but in modern usages has dropped this name.

Acid catalyzed formation reaction mechanism:

Step-1: An acid or base reaction, there is only a weak nucleophile we need to active the carbonyl group by protonating on O.

Step2: The nucleophilic O in the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C in the C=O, braking the pi-bond and giving the electrons to the positive O.

Step-3: An acid or base reaction, deprotonation of alcoholic oxonium ion neutralizes the charging giving the hemi acetal.

Step-4: In order for the –OH to leave we need to make it a better leaving group by protonation.

Step 5: Using the electrons form the other O leaving group departure is facilitated.

Step-6: The Nucleophilic O of the alcohol attacks the electrophilic C and the electrons of the pi- bonds to move to neutralize the charge on the positive O.

Step-7: Deprotonation of the alcoholic oxonium neutralizes the charge the charge on the positive O.

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Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Organic compounds that have a carbonyl group, C=O, as their functional group. The carbonyl group in aldehydes is placed at the end of the molecular structure, which means the C=O is attached to one hydrogen atom and an alkyl group or a benzene ring. Just like all the other homologous series in organic chemistry, the naming of aldehydes uses the suffix “-al”. The general molecular formula is C n H 2n O.

Chapter 19.5, Problem 8PTS

Interpretation Introduction