Preparation of a benzoic acid/benzoate buffer with a pH of 4.25 has to be given. Concept Introduction: Buffer solution: An aqueous solution consisting mixture of weak base and its conjugate acid or weak acid and its conjugate base. Its pH value changes very small when a small amount of strong base or an acid added to it. Buffer capacity: A quantitative measure of the resistance of a buffer solution to pH value change on the addition of hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion is known as buffer capacity. Buffering capacity = sum additions of acid or base change in pH value If u have two or more buffer solutions, then slowly add acid to the each of the solutions and see how much the pH value changes with each addition of acid for each solution. The solution which has the least amount of change in pH value is the best buffer solution and has the highest buffering capacity. If a buffer has high capacity then it has a great resistance to pH change. When the concentration of weak acid and weak base are high, we get a buffer with high capacity.

Question

2. A graph shown below shows first ionization energies for elements from H to Ne. First ionization energy/kJ mol 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 T T T T 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 Atomic number a) Using arguments of electronic structure, explain why ionization energy of Li is much lower than that of H. (2 points) then dips at O. b) Using the same arguments, explain why ionization energy increases from B to N, and (3 points)

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Chapter 19.1, Problem 19.3AFP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Preparation of a benzoic acid/benzoate buffer with a pH of 4.25 has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Buffer solution:

An aqueous solution consisting mixture of weak base and its conjugate acid or weak acid and its conjugate base. Its pH value changes very small when a small amount of strong base or an acid added to it.

Buffer capacity:

A quantitative measure of the resistance of a buffer solution to pH value change on the addition of hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion is known as buffer capacity.

Buffering capacity = sum additions of acid or basechange in pH value

If u have two or more buffer solutions, then slowly add acid to the each of the solutions and see how much the pH value changes with each addition of acid for each solution. The solution which has the least amount of change in pH value is the best buffer solution and has the highest buffering capacity.

If a buffer has high capacity then it has a great resistance to pH change. When the concentration of weak acid and weak base are high, we get a buffer with high capacity.

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