The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted. Concept Introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds . Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions. Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound . It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction. The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho - and para - directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions . So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions. If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position. Friedel - Crafts Alkylation : This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes. Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO 4 to give carboxylic acids.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

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MISSED THIS? Read Section 19.9 (Pages 878-881); Watch IWE 19.10 Consider the following reaction: CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2H2(g) (Note that AG,CH3OH(g) = -162.3 kJ/mol and AG,co(g)=-137.2 kJ/mol.) Part A Calculate AG for this reaction at 25 °C under the following conditions: PCH₂OH Pco PH2 0.815 atm = 0.140 atm 0.170 atm Express your answer in kilojoules to three significant figures. Ο ΑΣΦ AG = -150 Submit Previous Answers Request Answer □? kJ × Incorrect; Try Again; 2 attempts remaining Calculate the free energy change under nonstandard conditions (AGrxn) by using the following relationship: AGrxn = AGrxn + RTInQ, AGxn+RTInQ, where AGxn is the standard free energy change, R is the ideal gas constant, T is the temperature in kelvins, a is the reaction quotient. Provide Feedback Next >

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

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Answer 5

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 6

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 7

Chapter 19, Problem 68PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The synthetic route of given following reactions were predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species. In Electrophilic substitution reaction a group or atom in a compound is replaced by electrophile. This kind of reaction occurs predominantly in aromatic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions of aromatic compounds are known as aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.

Benzene is an electron rich Aromatic compound. It undergoes aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction.

The delocalized nature of pi electrons in benzene attributes a special property to benzene called resonance.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron rich groups they are known as activating groups. They are ortho- and para- directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon increases the electron density at ortho and para positions. So they direct the incoming electrophile towards ortho and para position in electrophilic substitution reactions.

If the substituents on benzene Carbon are Electron withdrawing groups they are known as deactivating groups. They are meta-directing groups because these groups when directly bonded to benzene Carbon decreases the electron density at ortho and para positions and so the incoming electrophile is directed towards meta position.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: This Lewis acid-catalyzed electrophilic aromatic replacement allows the synthesis of alkylated products by means of the reaction of arenes through alkyl halides or alkenes.

Oxidation of aromatic alkane with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 1CC Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 2CC Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 3CC Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 19 Solutions