Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column.
a. epistatic interaction | 1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
b.regulative determination | 2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
c. modifier screen | 3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
d. RNAi | 4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
e. ectopic expression | 5. assign identity to body segments |
f. homeodomain | 6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
g. green fluorescent protein | 7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
h. genetic mosaics | 8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
i. segmentation genes | 9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
j. homeotic genes | 10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
k. morphogen | 11. double mutant has |
l. maternal effect genes | 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
m. signal transduction | 13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “epistatic interaction” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
When different types of genes show interaction, this process is called epistatic interaction.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Epistatic interaction: double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants
Explanation of Solution
Epistatic is the interaction between different genes. When one allele or a pair of alleles of one gene can mask the expression of an allele of different gene, an allele or a pair of allele of one gene is epistatic to the different gene. Epistatic mutation can give double mutant, which has phenotype of one of the two mutants.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “regulative determination” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
When fate of embryonic cells is determined by the environment, the process is called regulative determination.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Regulative determination: the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment
Explanation of Solution
The cells of an early embryo can alter or regulate their fates according to the environment; this is known as regulative determination.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “modifier screen” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
Several types of methods are used for the identification of genes. Modifier screen is one of the method for the identification.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Modifier screen: method for identifying pleiotropic genes
Explanation of Solution
The modifier screen is used to identify pleiotropic genes that are involved in a developmental pathway.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “RNAi” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
The process in which a particular gene is suppressd due to the double stranded DNA is called RNA interference.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
RNAi: suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA
Explanation of Solution
In RNA interference (RNAi), the entry of a double-stranded RNA molecule into cells causes degradation of an mRNA of complementary sequence.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ectopic expression” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
When normal protein is produced as a result of mutation at the wrong time, it is called ectopic expression.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Ectopic expression: a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time
Explanation of Solution
Mutation can cause genes to produce the normal protein, but at an inappropriate time or place. This phenomenon is termed as ectopic expression.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “homeodomain” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
Homeodomain can be defined as a specific motif for the attachment of DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Homeodomain: a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors
Explanation of Solution
Homeodomain is a region of each protein that can bind to DNA and it is encoded by the homeobox. Homeodomains are transcription factors that are responsible for the sequence-specific binding of the proteins to their target genes.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “green fluorescent protein” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
GFPs are used in the form of tags.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Green fluorescent protein: a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells
Explanation of Solution
Green fluorescent protein is made up of 238 amino acid residues. It is used as a tag to track proteins in living cells.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic mosaics” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
When organisms possess cells with more than one type of genotypes, it is referred to as genetic mosaic.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genetic mosaics: individuals with cells of more than one genotype
Explanation of Solution
The individuals containing cells of more than one genotype are genetic mosaics. In fruit flies, mosaics are generally created by site-specific recombination between nonsister chromatids during mitosis.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “segmentation genes” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
Some genes are responsible for the division of the body into the identical units. These genes are referred to as segmentation genes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Segmentation genes: divide the body into identical units (segments):
Explanation of Solution
Segmentation genes are the genes which divide the body into identical genes. In Drosophila, these genes are expressed in the hierarchy and subdivide the embryo into 14 identical segments.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “homeotic genes” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
Some specialized genes that assign specific identity to the body segments are called homeotic genes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Homeotic genes: assign an identity to body segments
Explanation of Solution
In Drosophila, homeotic genes code for homeobox transcription factors that are expressed in different segments. These genes provide each segment of its individual identity.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “morphogen” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
A particular type of substance whose concentration decide the cell fate is referred to as morphogen.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Morphogen: a substance whose concentration determines cell fates
Explanation of Solution
Morphogens are the substances that defines different cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “maternal effect genes” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
Genes that are responsible for the production of protein that will accumulate only in unfertilized eggs are referred to as maternal effect genes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Maternal effect genes: encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development.
Explanation of Solution
Maternal effect genes code for a protein that cumulate in unfertilized eggs. These genes are required for the development of the embryo.
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
m.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “signal transduction” among the options given below.
1. divide the body into identical units (segments) |
2. initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor |
3. individuals with cells of more than one genotype |
4. the fate of early embryonic cells can be altered by the environment |
5. assign identity to body segments |
6. substance whose concentration determines cell fates |
7. suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA |
8. method for identifying pleiotropic genes |
9. a DNA-binding motif found in certain transcription factors |
10. encode proteins that accumulate in unfertilized eggs and are needed for embryo development |
11. double mutant has phenotype of one of the two mutants |
12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriate genes tissue or at the wrong time |
13. a tag used to follow proteins in pathways living cells |
Introduction:
A pathway that is initiated as a result of binding of ligand is called signal transduction.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Signal transduction: initiated by binding of ligand to determination receptor
Explanation of Solution
The signal transduction pathway is initiated by the binding of ligand to receptors on cell surface. This pathway enables a signal received from a receptor on the cell’s surface to be converted to a final intracellular regulatory response.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
ND STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY LOOSELEAF GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
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Glitazones are taken orally (in pill form). Using pharmacokinetic modeling, deriveequations to describe how the concentration of glitazones varies in the plasma as a function of time. Yourequations should be of the form: dCglitazone /dt = something, or dMglitazone /dt = something. Your model shouldinclude three compartments: the gut, the plasma, and the fatty tissues. Make sure to include a diagram thatillustrates your thinking, state all assumptions, and define your variables. Do not solve the equations.arrow_forwardCase Study—Ella Review the case study and then answer Parts A through F. Ella has a family history of diabetes. She wants to follow a healthful eating pattern that can lower her risk for developing this condition. Her dietitian recommends a goal of 450 to 600 kcal per meal and advises Ella to follow the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, which recommend limiting added sugar. She also recommends that Ella choose whole grains rather than processed grains. Ella decides to pack a lunch to take to work every day. This morning she’s making a sandwich for her lunch. Categories of Sandwich Options (Top of the screen) Breads Spreads Cheeses Vegetables Proteins Specific food items to select White Bread 6-inches Honey Mustard Provolone LettuceTomatoBell Peppers Turkey Part A - Reading Nutrition Facts Panels for Total Kilocalories How many total kilocalories are in Ella’s sandwich? _____…arrow_forward, if one of the archaeological specimens lacked the celiac disease-causing epitope, how could PCR be used to identify the allele in a contemporary germplasm collection of wild wheats, and to assist in transferring the allele to modern wheat varieties?arrow_forwardNow you will consider the composition of lipoproteins, including where they are synthesized, how they circulate, and where the various lipid and protein components are located within the lipoprotein molecule. 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Briefly defend your answer, pointing out advantages and disadvantages of morphological vs. molecular markers.arrow_forwardBiopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics:Two-Compartment Model Instant Absorption Questions Calculate these : a) B1, b) B2, c) hybrid rate constant (1) d) hybrid rate constant (2) e) t1/2,dist f) t1/2,elim g) k10 h) k12 i) k21 j) initial concentration (C0) k) central compartment volume (V1) l) steady-state volume (Vss) m) clearance (CL) AUC (0→10 min) using trapezoidal rule n) AUC (20→30 min) using trapezoidal rule o) AUCtail (AUC360→∞) p) total AUC (using short cut method) q) volume from AUC (VAUC)arrow_forwardIn a population of Jackalopes (pictured below), horn length will vary between 0.5 and 2 feet, with the mean length somewhere around 1.05 feet. You pick Jackalopes that have horn lengths around 1.75 feet to breed as this appears to be the optimal length for battling other Jackalopes for food. After a round of breeding, you measure the offsprings' mean horn length is 1.67. What is the heritability of horns length (h2)? Is Jackalope horn length a heritable trait? (4 pts)? 12pt v R Paragraph V BIU A श्र > Barrow_forwardThere are many differences between DNA replication happening during mitosis in a Douglas fir tree growing in the Oregon Cascade Mountains and DNA replication happening during a PCR reaction in a forestry research lab at Oregon State University where the laboratory is amplifying a Simple Sequence Repeat. Complete the following table that compares the two DNA replication events in terms of the primers, the nucleotides, the polymerase, and the target sequence. Additionally, give a general value for the number of copies of the template DNA after one S phase in one cell and after the lab has completed the PCR reaction. Tree SSR Type your answer here: Primers Nucleotides Polymerase Target sequence Number of copiesarrow_forwardarrow_back_iosSEE MORE QUESTIONSarrow_forward_ios
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