1.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis: It is a method followed to analyze the relationship between the sales, costs, and the related profit or loss at various levels of units sold. In other words, it shows the effect of the changes in the cost and the sales volume on the operating income of the company.
To construct: a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for last year.
1.

Explanation of Solution
Construct a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for last year.
Figure (1)
The volume in units of sales is shown on the horizontal axis. The maximum relevant range is 2,500 units. The sales and the total costs (fixed cost and variable cost) in dollars is shown on the vertical axis. The maximum relevant range of sales and total costs is $700,000.
The total sales line is drawn right upward by connecting the first point at $0 to the second point at $625,000 [2,500 units×$250 per unit] for 2,500 units sold (maximum relevant range on the horizontal axis).
The total cost line is drawn right upward by connecting the first point at $75,000 (fixed cost) on the vertical axis to the second point at $512,500 [$75,000+$437,500] at the end of the relevant range. The variable cost is $437,500(2,500 units×$175 per unit).
The break-even point is the intersection point where the total sales line and total cost line meet. The vertical dotted line drawn downward from the intersection point reaches at 1,000 units. It indicates the break-even sales (units). The horizontal line drawn to the left towards the vertical axis reaches at $250,000. It indicates the break-even sales (dollars).
The operating profit area is the area where the total sales line exceeds the total cost line. However, the operating loss area is the area where the total cost exceeds the total sales line.
2(A)
The income from operations for last year
2(A)

Explanation of Solution
Figure (2)
Last year, the number of units sold is 2,000 units (3). The total sales is $500,000. The total cost is $425,000[$75,000+$350,000] for 2,000 units sold. The fixed cost is $75,000. The variable cost is $350,000(2,000 units×$175 per unit). A dotted line is drawn from the total sales at $500,000 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,000 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of sales at 2,000 units.
Similarly, a dotted line is drawn from the total cost at $425,000 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,000 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of total cost at 2,000 units.
The dotted line from sales is above the dotted line for total cost. This indicates the income from operations. Thus, the area in between the two dotted lines is the income from operations of $75,000($500,000−$425,000).
2(B)
The maximum income from operations realized during the year.
2(B)

Explanation of Solution
The maximum relevant range for number of units to be sold is 2,500 units. Thus, the total sale is $625,000[2,500 units×$250 per unit]. The total cost is $512,500[$75,000+$437,500] for 2,500 units sold. The fixed cost is $75,000. The variable cost is $437,500(2,500 units×$175 per unit). A dotted line is drawn from the total sales at $625,000 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,500 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of sales at 2,500 units.
Similarly, a dotted line is drawn from the total cost at $512,500 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,500 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of total cost at 2,500 units.
The dotted line from sales is above the dotted line for total cost. This indicates the income from operations. Thus, the area in between the two dotted lines is the income from operations of $112,500($625,000−$512,500).
2(A)
To verify: the answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis.
2(A)

Explanation of Solution
Verify the answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis.
Determine the income from operations for the last year.
Determine the income from operations for 2,000 units | ||
Particulars | Amount ($) | Amount ($) |
Sales | 500,000 | |
Less: Fixed costs | 75,000 | |
Variable costs [2,000 units(3)×$175 per unit] | 350,000 | (425,000) |
Income from operations | 75,000 |
Table (1)
Working note:
Determine the number of units sold.
Sales =$500,000
Selling price per unit =$250 per unit
(Number of units sold)=Sales(Selling price per unit)= $500,000$250 per unit=2,000 units (3)
2(B)
the maximum income from operations that could have been realized during the year.
2(B)

Explanation of Solution
Determine the income from operations for 2,500 units | ||
Particulars | Amount ($) | Amount ($) |
Sales [2,500 units×$250 per unit] | 625,000 | |
Less: Fixed costs | 75,000 | |
Variable costs [2,500 units×$175 per unit] | 437,500 | (512,500) |
Income from operations | 112,500 |
Table (2)
3.
To construct: a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for the current year.
3.

Explanation of Solution
Construct a cost-volume-profit chart indicating the break-even sales for the current year.
Figure (3)
The volume in units of sales is shown on the horizontal axis. The maximum relevant range is 2,500 units. The sales and the total costs (fixed cost and variable cost) in dollars is shown on the vertical axis. The maximum relevant range of sales and total costs is $700,000.
The total sales line is drawn right upward by connecting the first point at $0 to the second point at $625,000 [2,500 units×$250 per unit] for 2,500 units sold (maximum relevant range on the horizontal axis).
The total cost line is drawn right upward by connecting the first point at $108,750[$75,000+$33,750] (total fixed cost) on the vertical axis to the second point at $546,250 [$108,750+$437,500] at the end of the relevant range. The variable cost is $437,500(2,500 units×$175 per unit).
The break-even point is the intersection point where the total sales line and total cost line meet. The vertical dotted line drawn downward from the intersection point reaches at 1,450 units. It indicates the break-even sales (units). The horizontal line drawn to the left towards the vertical axis reaches at $362,500. It indicates the break-even sales (dollars).
The operating profit area is the area where the total sales line exceeds the total cost line. However, the operating loss area is the area where the total cost exceeds the total sales line.
4(A)
the income from operations for sales 2,000 units
4(A)

Explanation of Solution
Figure (4)
Last year, the number of units sold is 2,000 units (3). The total sales is $500,000. The total cost is $458,750[$108,750+$350,000] for 2,000 units sold. The total fixed cost is $108,750[$75,000+$33,750]. The variable cost is $350,000(2,000 units×$175 per unit). A dotted line is drawn from the total sales at $500,000 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,000 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of sales at 2,000 units.
Similarly, a dotted line is drawn from the total cost at $458,750 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,000 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of total cost at 2,000 units.
The dotted line from sales is above the dotted line for total cost. This indicates the income from operations. Thus, the area in between the two dotted lines is the income from operations of $41,250($500,000−$458,750).
4(B)
The maximum income from operations that could have been realized during the year.
4(B)

Explanation of Solution
The maximum relevant range for number of units to be sold is 2,500 units. Thus, the total sales is $625,000[2,500 units×$250 per unit]. The total cost is $546,250[$108,750+$437,500] for 2,500 units sold. The total fixed cost is $108,750[$75,000+$33,750]. The variable cost is $437,500(2,500 units×$175 per unit). A dotted line is drawn from the total sales at $625,000 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,500 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of sales at 2,500 units.
Similarly, a dotted line is drawn from the total cost at $546,250 on the vertical axis towards the right and a dotted line is drawn upward for the 2,500 units sold from the horizontal axis. The two dotted line meet at a point which indicates the point of total cost at 2,500 units.
The dotted line from sales is above the dotted line for total cost. This indicates the income from operations. Thus, the area in between the two dotted lines is the income from operations of $78,750($625,000−$546,250).
4(A)
To verify: the answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis.
4(A)

Explanation of Solution
Verify the answers using the mathematical approach to cost-volume-profit analysis.
Determine the income from operations for the last year.
Determine the income from operations for 2,000 units | ||
Particulars | Amount ($) | Amount ($) |
Sales | 500,000 | |
Less: Total Fixed costs [$75,000+$33,750] | 108,750 | |
Variable costs [2,000 units(3)×$175 per unit] | 350,000 | (458,750) |
Income from operations | 41,250 |
Table (3)
4(B)
the maximum income from operations that could have been realized during the year.
4(B)

Explanation of Solution
Determine the income from operations for 2,500 units | ||
Particulars | Amount ($) | Amount ($) |
Sales [2,500 units×$250 per unit] | 625,000 | |
Less: Total Fixed costs [$75,000+$33,750] | 108,750 | |
Variable costs [2,500 units×$175 per unit] | 437,500 | (546,250) |
Income from operations | 78,750 |
Table (4)
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Chapter 19 Solutions
FINANCIAL+MANG.-W/ACCESS PRACTICE SET
- Cornerstones of Cost Management (Cornerstones Ser...AccountingISBN:9781305970663Author:Don R. Hansen, Maryanne M. MowenPublisher:Cengage LearningExcel Applications for Accounting PrinciplesAccountingISBN:9781111581565Author:Gaylord N. SmithPublisher:Cengage LearningManagerial AccountingAccountingISBN:9781337912020Author:Carl Warren, Ph.d. Cma William B. TaylerPublisher:South-Western College Pub


