Physical Science
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780073513898
Author: Bill Tillery
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
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Textbook Question
Chapter 18, Problem 4FFA
Analyze why you would expect most earthquakes to be localized, shallow occurrences near a plate boundary.
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An earthquake occurs 6,875 km from a seismograph. The P-waves arrive 11.6 minutes later. How fast is the P-wave traveling (in km/s)?
If the lag time between P- and S-waves is 10.8 minutes, how fast are the S-waves traveling (in km/s)?
Using the shadow of S-waves you determine that the radius of the core is 55% of the Earth's 6,378-km radius. How many kilometers from the surface is this (in km)?
To calculate how fast the P-waves are traveling, we need to divide the distance the waves travel by the time.
vP
=
d
s
vP
= km/s
Identify and describe the 3 types of Seismic waves.
How far from a seismic station did an earthquake occur if S-waves arrived there 7 minutes after P-waves. (You may assume that P- and S-waves travel at speeds of 5 km/s and 3 km/s, respectively).
Chapter 18 Solutions
Physical Science
Ch. 18 - 1. The core of Earth is composed of
a. iron and...Ch. 18 - 2. The middle part of Earth's interior is
a....Ch. 18 - 3. The separation of materials that gave Earth its...Ch. 18 - 4. A vibration that moves through any part of...Ch. 18 - 5. The S-wave is a
a. longitudinal wave.
b....Ch. 18 - 6. Waves that occur where S- or P-waves reach the...Ch. 18 - 7. The three main areas of Earth’s interior are
a....Ch. 18 - 8. The boundary between the crust and the mantle...Ch. 18 - 9. The mantle is composed of
a. sulfides.
b....Ch. 18 - 10. Seismological studies suggests that the...
Ch. 18 - 11. Evidence from meteorite studies proposes that...Ch. 18 - 12. The layer in Earth where seismic waves sharply...Ch. 18 - 13. The layer that is broken up into plates that...Ch. 18 - 14. The name of the single large continent...Ch. 18 - 15. Records of the strength and directions of...Ch. 18 - 16. The chain of mountains found in the center of...Ch. 18 - 17. Long, deep, and narrow oceanic trenches are...Ch. 18 - 18. The theory that the lithosphere is composed of...Ch. 18 - 19. The plate boundary associated with the...Ch. 18 - 20. The movement of one plate under another plate...Ch. 18 - 21. Transform boundaries occur when
a. two plates...Ch. 18 - 22. What is the current theory about why the...Ch. 18 - 23. The seismic waves that cause the most damage...Ch. 18 - 24. Earth’s mantle has a chemical composition that...Ch. 18 - 25. From seismological data, Earth’s shadow zone...Ch. 18 - 26. The Mohorovicic discontinuity is a change in...Ch. 18 - 27. The oldest rocks are found in
a. continental...Ch. 18 - 28. The least dense rocks are found in
a....Ch. 18 - 29. The idea of seafloor spreading along the...Ch. 18 - 30. According to the plate tectonics theory,...Ch. 18 - 31. The presence of an oceanic trench, a chain of...Ch. 18 - 32. The presence of an oceanic trench with shallow...Ch. 18 - 33. The ongoing occurrence of earthquakes without...Ch. 18 - 34. The evidence that Earth's core is part liquid...Ch. 18 - 35. The surfaces of early planets in our solar...Ch. 18 - 36. The early Earth’s core is thought to have...Ch. 18 - 37. Indirect evidence that supports the theory of...Ch. 18 - 38. The oceanic crust is
a. thicker than the...Ch. 18 - 39. Seismic waves that do not travel through...Ch. 18 - 40. The fastest seismic wave is the
a. P-wave.
b....Ch. 18 - 41. Information about the composition and nature...Ch. 18 - 42. Primary information about the nature of the...Ch. 18 - 43. The asthenosphere is not defined as
a....Ch. 18 - 44. Earth’s magnetic field is thought to be...Ch. 18 - 45. Studies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provided...Ch. 18 - 46. Evidence that supports seafloor spreading does...Ch. 18 - 47. A geologic feature that was produced by...Ch. 18 - 48. Which type of plate boundary accounts for the...Ch. 18 - 49. Which type of plate boundary was responsible...Ch. 18 - 50. A famous transform boundary in the United...Ch. 18 - 51. Plate movement is measured by
a. reflected...Ch. 18 - 52. Islands that form when melted subducted...Ch. 18 - 1. Describe one theory of how Earth came to have a...Ch. 18 - 2. Briefly describe the internal composition and...Ch. 18 - 3. What is the asthenosphere? Why is it important...Ch. 18 - 4. Describe the parts of Earth included in the (a)...Ch. 18 - 5. What is continental drift? How is it different...Ch. 18 - 6. Rocks, sediments, and fossils around an oceanic...Ch. 18 - 7. Describe the origin of the magnetic strip...Ch. 18 - 8. Explain why ancient rocks are not found on the...Ch. 18 - 9. Describe the three major types of plate...Ch. 18 - 10. What is an island arc? Where are they found?...Ch. 18 -
11. Briefly describe a model that explains how...Ch. 18 - 12. Briefly describe the theory of plate tectonics...Ch. 18 - 13. What is an oceanic trench? What is the...Ch. 18 - 14. Describe the probable source of all the...Ch. 18 - 15. The northwestern coast of the United States...Ch. 18 - 16. Explain how the crust of Earth is involved in...Ch. 18 - 1. Why are there no active volcanoes in the...Ch. 18 - 2. Describe cycles that occur on Earth's surface...Ch. 18 - 3. Discuss evidence that would explain why plate...Ch. 18 - 4. Analyze why you would expect most earthquakes...Ch. 18 - 1. The rate at which the temperature increases...Ch. 18 - 2. Based on a geothermal gradient of 15°C/km, what...Ch. 18 - 3. Based on a geothermal gradient of 250C/km, what...Ch. 18 - 4. What is the pressure, in N/m2, at the depth of...Ch. 18 - 5. What is the pressure, in N/m2, at a depth of 75...Ch. 18 - 6. What is the pressure, in N/m2, at the base of...Ch. 18 - 7. Wood floating in water can demonstrate how the...Ch. 18 - 8. A teacher would like to demonstrate the...Ch. 18 - 9. A survey of a mid-oceanic ridge determined the...Ch. 18 - 10. GPS stations on two separate plates have...Ch. 18 - 11. What is the geothermal gradient along a...Ch. 18 - 12. What are the subduction direction and slope of...Ch. 18 - 13. What are the subduction direction and slope,...Ch. 18 - 14. Earthquake data from a subduction zone are...Ch. 18 - 15. The North American Plate is moving west at a...
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- What equipment is used to detect seismic waves?arrow_forwardIn the figure below, the earthquake occurred 7,100 km from the seismograph. Earthquake occurs 7,100 km away. First Pwaves arrive. First Swaves arrive. Mww 10 15 20 25 Time (minutes) How fast did the P waves travel in km/s? km/s How fast did the S waves travel (in km/s)? km/s How long (in seconds) did the P waves and the S waves take to travel 120 km from the epicenter? Assume the wave speeds are constant. P waves S waves Selsmic wave strengtharrow_forwardOn Dec 4, 2021 a volcano, Mt. Semeru erupted in Indonesia near Java in the Pacific Ocean in an area known as the Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Deep Ocean trenches and high mountain ranges are also part of the Ring of Fire. Match the tectonic plate boundary condition with the earth's geologic feature in the lithosphere. * (Convergent Boundary)(Divergent Boundary)(Transform Boundary) : Match these with the below: San Andreas Fault Marianas trench High Mountain Ranges Subduction Java (Sunda) trench Formation of Island Chains Mid-Atlantic Ridge…arrow_forward
- if a seismic wave has a wavelength of 20 meters. what is the minimum layer thickness these seismic waves can resolve? (Think about vertical resolution) Select one: a. 2 O b. 5 О с. 10 O d. 20arrow_forwardAccording to the infographic above a recent magnitude 7.7 Earthquake was recorded in Los Angeles 2016. Earthquakes represent a release of energy as a result of the earth's tectonic plates. a) Determine the amount of energy release in ergs. b) Determine the energy release in Joules. ( Hint use the earthquake formula M = 2/3 log (E/ 10^11.8); where M is the earthquake magnitude and E is the energy of the earthquake in ergs (recall 1 erg = 10^-7 Joules))arrow_forwardSeismic waves are released during earthquakes. Explain these different types of waves.arrow_forward
- The intensity of the earthquake and the reference intensity are related by the formula: R = log (I/Io). An earthquake in San Francisco in 1989 was reported to have a Richter number of 6.90. Compare the intensity of this earthquake to the reference intensity: San Francisco is ________ times more intense than the reference intensity.arrow_forwardA seismic station located 60 km from the epicenter of an earthquake, recorded the maximum height of the S-waves to be 50 mm. What was the Richter magnitude of this earthquake?arrow_forwardAccording to the infographic above a recent magnitude 6.1 Earthquake was recorded. Earthquakes represent a release of energy as a result of the earth's tectonic plates. a) Determine the amount of energy release in ergs. b) Determine the energy release in Joules. ( Hint use the earthquake formula M = 2/3 log (E/ 10^11.8); where M is the earthquake magnitude and E is the energy of the earthquake in ergs (recall 1 erg = 10^-7 Joules)arrow_forward
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