EBK MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING & TECHNOL
EBK MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING & TECHNOL
7th Edition
ISBN: 8220100793431
Author: KALPAKJIAN
Publisher: PEARSON
bartleby

Videos

Textbook Question
Book Icon
Chapter 18, Problem 1RQ

Outline the steps involved in processing (a) ceramic and (b) glasses.

a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
To determine

Outline the steps involved in processing of ceramics and (b) glasses.

Explanation of Solution

Steps of Ceramics Processing:-

Step #1: Milling & Raw Material Procurement

The raw materials used in the process are milled materials typically found in mining sites that have been reduced from a larger size to a smaller size or even in some cases, it will be pulverized depends upon the end product required.

Step #2: Sizing

Here it is! During this step of the processing sequence, the materials which have gone through the milling, as well as the procurement process should be sized in order to separate the material desirable, from the ones non-usable. By means of controlling the size of the particle, it would result in a proper bonding along with a smooth surface of the finished product.

Step #3: Batching

This part of the process may be called “blending”. It calculates weighing, amounts and an initial blend of the raw materials. To have a material flow consistently into a pub mill hopper, in this process, Vibratory Feeders may be applied if you are having a lighter load capacity and the dusty hazardous environment.

Step #4: Mixing

To get a more physically and chemically homogeneous material before forming, the ceramic powder constituents are combined applying the process of blinging or mixing. Pug mills are the most favored piece of machinery utilized in the concerned step of the process while dealing with dry mixes.

Step #5: Forming

For forming, the materials including pastes, dry powders, or slurries are first consolidated, then molded to form a cohesive body of the desired end product. When it comes to dry forming, to get the desired shape, vibratory compaction may be used.

Step #6: Drying

The formed materials not only hold water but also a binder in its mix. This may lead to shrinkage, distortion, or warping of the product. Usually, convection drying happens to be the most used method where heated air gets circulated around the piece of ceramic which lessens the risk of those imperfections in the finished product.

Step #7: Glazing

This step is added to the process prior to firing. Typically, the glaze consists of oxides that give the product the desired finish look. All the raw materials are grounded in an attrition mill and ball mill. Customers are provided withVibratory Screeners which screened the glaze for giving the mixture a consistency which is not just uniform, but when applied to any of the ceramics, would be even and smooth. The glaze may be applied by dipping or spraying.

Step #8: Firing

The ceramics pass through a controlled heat process where the oxides are consolidated into a dense, cohesive body made up of uniform grain.

b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
To determine

Outline the steps involved in processing of glasses.

Explanation of Solution

Steps involved in processing glasses:-

Step #1: Melting and Refining

In order to make clear glass, the right set of raw materials is required. It comprises of Na2O (sodium oxide) from soda ash, SiO2 (silica sand), MgO (dolomite),CaO (calcium oxide) from limestone/dolomite, and Al2O3 (feldspar). The ingredients get mixed in their right proportions. The entire batch gets flown into a furnace that is heated as much as to 1500 degree Celsius.

Step #2: Float bath

From the furnace, the molten material goes into the float bath comprising of a mirror-like surface created from the molten tin. This material, then, flows into the bath at 1500 degree Celsius. It leaves the bath approximately at 650 degree Celsius. At the exit, its shape looks like a solid ribbon.

Step #3: Coating for reflective glass

 If a reflective glass surface which helps in having the indoors cooler, is produced, then the procedures of coating are followed where either a soft or a hard coat gets applied on the ribbon surface which was cooled at high temperatures.

Step #4: Annealing

For removing the internal stresses built up in the glass, a procedure known as annealing is conducted. The procedure helps the glass ribbon to get through a layer that gets rid of any stresses on the surface of the glass, gradually cooling it to create the final hardened form. Because of it, cutting the glass and shaping it accordingly become easier.

Step #5: Inspecting

Through advanced and acute inspection technology, over 100 million inspections may be conducted throughout the glass manufacturing process for identifying stresses, air bubbles, or grains of sand which refuse to melt. It is vital in quality-proofing the finished form of glass.

Step #6: Cutting to order

Diamond steels are used to trim and cut the glass ribbons into square shapes.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!
Students have asked these similar questions
Continuity equation A y x dx D T معادلة الاستمرارية Ly X Q/Prove that ди хе + ♥+ ㅇ? he me ze ོ༞“༠ ?
Q Derive (continuity equation)? I want to derive clear mathematics.
motor supplies 200 kW at 6 Hz to flange A of the shaft shown in Figure. Gear B transfers 125 W of power to operating machinery in the factory, and the remaining power in the shaft is mansferred by gear D. Shafts (1) and (2) are solid aluminum (G = 28 GPa) shafts that have the same diameter and an allowable shear stress of t= 40 MPa. Shaft (3) is a solid steel (G = 80 GPa) shaft with an allowable shear stress of t = 55 MPa. Determine: a) the minimum permissible diameter for aluminum shafts (1) and (2) b) the minimum permissible diameter for steel shaft (3). c) the rotation angle of gear D with respect to flange A if the shafts have the minimum permissible diameters as determined in (a) and (b).
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Mechanical Engineering
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, mechanical-engineering and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Elements Of Electromagnetics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780190698614
Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.
Publisher:Oxford University Press
Text book image
Mechanics of Materials (10th Edition)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9780134319650
Author:Russell C. Hibbeler
Publisher:PEARSON
Text book image
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781259822674
Author:Yunus A. Cengel Dr., Michael A. Boles
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Education
Text book image
Control Systems Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118170519
Author:Norman S. Nise
Publisher:WILEY
Text book image
Mechanics of Materials (MindTap Course List)
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781337093347
Author:Barry J. Goodno, James M. Gere
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Mechanical Engineering
ISBN:9781118807330
Author:James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. Bolton
Publisher:WILEY
Intro to Ceramics and Glasses — Lesson 2, Part 1; Author: Ansys Learning;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArDFnBWH-8w;License: Standard Youtube License