What is the standard free energy change, ∆ G °, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of formation, Δ G f ∘ for a substance? How are Δ G f ∘ values used to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? How can you use Hess’s law to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? How can you use ∆H ° and ∆ S ° values to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? Of the functions ∆ H°, ∆ S °, and ∆ G °, which depends most strongly on temperature? When ∆ G ° is calculated at temperatures other than 25°C,what assumptions are generally made concerning ∆ H° and ∆ S °?
What is the standard free energy change, ∆ G °, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of formation, Δ G f ∘ for a substance? How are Δ G f ∘ values used to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? How can you use Hess’s law to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? How can you use ∆H ° and ∆ S ° values to calculate Δ G rxn ∘ ? Of the functions ∆ H°, ∆ S °, and ∆ G °, which depends most strongly on temperature? When ∆ G ° is calculated at temperatures other than 25°C,what assumptions are generally made concerning ∆ H° and ∆ S °?
Solution Summary: The author explains that thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature, and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not.
What is the standard free energy change, ∆G°, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of formation,
Δ
G
f
∘
for a substance? How are
Δ
G
f
∘
values used to calculate
Δ
G
rxn
∘
? How can you use Hess’s law to calculate
Δ
G
rxn
∘
? How can you use ∆H° and ∆S° values to calculate
Δ
G
rxn
∘
? Of the functions ∆H°, ∆S°, and ∆G°, which depends most strongly on temperature? When ∆G° is calculated at temperatures other than 25°C,what assumptions are generally made concerning ∆H° and ∆S°?
Consider the following Figure 2 and two atoms that are initially an infinite distance apart, x =00, at which point
the potential energy of the system is U = 0. If they are brought together to x = x, the potential energy is related
to the total force P by
dU
dx
= P
Given this, qualitatively sketch the variation of U with x. What happens at x=x? What is the significance of
x = x, in terms of the potential energy?
0
P, Force
19
Attraction
Total
Repulsion
x, Distance
Figure 2. Variation with distance of the attractive, repulsive, and total forces between atoms. The
slope dP/dx at the equilibrium spacing xe is proportional to the elastic modulus E; the stress σb,
corresponding to the peak in total force, is the theoretical cohesive strength.
Denote the dipole for the indicated bonds in the following molecules.
H3C
✓
CH3
B
F-CCl 3
Br-Cl
H3C Si(CH3)3
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OH
НО.
HO
HO
OH
vitamin C
CH3
For the SN2 reaction, draw the major organic product and select the correct (R) or (S) designation around the stereocenter
carbon in the organic substrate and organic product. Include wedge-and-dash bonds and draw hydrogen on a stereocenter.
Η
1
D
EN
Select Draw Templates More
C
H
D
N
Erase
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The Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N1BxHgsoOw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY