Chapter 17, Problem 63E

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The difference between an Arrhenius acid and an Arrhenius base is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

According to Arrhenius theory, acids are the substances, which when added to water, release ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions and bases are substances, which when added to water, release ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between an acid and a base according to Arrhenius theory is that due to addition of an acid in water, the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions is increased in the solution and due to addition of a base in water, the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions is increased in solution.

Explanation of Solution

Electrolytes are the substances that release ions when dissolved in water. According to Arrhenius theory, those substances, which when added to water, increase the ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in solution are known as acids and those substances, which when added to water, increase the ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in solution are known as bases.

Conclusion

According to Arrhenius theory, the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in a solution is increased when an acid is added to water and the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in a solution is increased when a base is added to water.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The difference between a Brønsted acid and a Brønsted base is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

According to Brønsted-Lowry theory, acids are the substances, which when added to water, donate ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions and bases are substances, which when added to water, accept ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between an acid and a base according to Brønsted-Lowry theory is that an acid is a substance from which an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion can be removed and a base is a substance that removes an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion from an acidic compound.

Explanation of Solution

According to Brønsted-Lowry theory, the substances from which an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion, that is a proton, can be removed are known as acids and the substances that are capable of removing an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion from another compound are known as bases.

Conclusion

According to Brønsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a substance from which an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion can be removed and a base is a substance that removes an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion from an acidic compound.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The difference between a Lewis acid and a Lewis base is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

According to Lewis theory, acids are the substances that accept a pair of electrons and bases are the substances that donate a pair of electrons.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between an acid and a base according to Lewis theory is that an acid is a substance that is able to accept a pair of electrons and a base is a substance that is able to donate a pair of electrons.

Explanation of Solution

According to Lewis theory, the substances that are capable of accepting a pair of electrons from another compound are known as acids. The substances that are capable of donating a pair of electrons from another compound are known as bases.

Conclusion

According to Lewis theory, an acid is a substance that is able to accept a pair of electrons and a base is a substance that is able to donate a pair of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The difference between a forward reaction and a reverse reaction is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

When a reaction proceeds from left to right and vice versa, then the reaction is said to be reversible. A chemical reaction is said to be in equilibrium if the rate at which the forward reaction and the rate at which the reverse reaction takes place, becomes equal.

Answer to Problem 63E

The reaction that proceeds from left to right direction is called the forward reaction and the reaction that proceeds from right to left direction is called the reverse reaction.

Explanation of Solution

A reaction, in which the reactants convert into products and vice versa, is said to be a reversible reaction. In a reversible reaction, the reaction which proceeds from left to right is called the forward reaction and the reaction which proceeds from right to left is called the reverse reaction.

Conclusion

On proceeding from left to right in a reversible reaction, the forward reaction takes place and on proceeding from right to left in a reversible reaction, the reverse reaction takes place.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The difference between an acid-conjugate base pair and a base-conjugate acid pair is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Pair of acid and a base that differ by an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion are known as conjugate acid-base pairs. This conjugate acid-base pair is formed due to the transfer of a proton, which is an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion, from one species to another.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between an acid-conjugate base pair and a base-conjugate acid pair is that an acid-conjugate base pair is formed when an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is removed from an acid and a base-conjugate acid pair is formed when a ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is added to a base.

Explanation of Solution

The formation of a conjugate acid-base pair takes place by the transfer of an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion from one species to another. In a reaction, a conjugate base is formed when an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is removed from an acid. A conjugate acid is formed when an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is added to a base.

Conclusion

When an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is removed from an acid, a conjugate base is formed. When an ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is added from a base, a conjugate acid is formed.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The difference between a strong acid and a weak acid is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Electrolytes are the substances that release ions when dissolved in water. The ease with which the dissociation of substances into ions takes place, determines the strength of that substance.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between a strong acid and a weak acid is that when a strong acid is added to water, complete dissociation takes place and when a weak acid is added to water, partial dissociation takes place.

Explanation of Solution

The substances that dissociate into positive and negative ions, when they are added to water, are known as electrolytes. If the substance undergoes complete dissociation into ions, then that substance is a strong electrolyte and if the substance is dissociated partially, then that substance is a weak electrolyte. An acid that is dissociated completely in a solution is a strong acid and the one that is dissociated partially in a solution is a weak acid.

Conclusion

A strong acid, when added to water, gets completely dissociated and a weak acid, when added to water, gets partially dissociated.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The difference between a strong base and a weak base is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

Electrolytes are the substances that release ions when dissolved in water. The ease with which the dissociation of substances into ions takes place, determines the strength of that substance.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between a strong base and a weak base is that when a strong base is added to water, complete dissociation takes place and when a weak base is added to water, partial dissociation takes place.

Explanation of Solution

The substances that dissociate into positive and negative ions, when they are added to water, are known as electrolytes. If the substance undergoes complete dissociation into ions, then that substance is a strong electrolyte and if the substance is dissociated partially, then that substance is a weak electrolyte. A base that is dissociated completely in a solution is a strong base and the one that is dissociated partially in a solution is a weak base.

Conclusion

A strong base, when added to water, gets completely dissociated and a weak base, when added to water, gets partially dissociated.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The difference between $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ and $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

According to Arrhenius theory, acids are the substances, which when added to water, release ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions and bases are substances, which when added to water, release ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ and $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ is that $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ released when an acid is added to water and $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ released when a base is added to water.

Explanation of Solution

Electrolytes are the substances that release ions when dissolved in water. According to Arrhenius theory, those substances, which when added to water, increase the ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions in solution are known as acids and those substances, which when added to water, increase the ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in solution are known as bases. The $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ released when an acid is added to water and $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ released when a base is added to water.

Conclusion

A $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ released when an acid dissociates in water and $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ denotes the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ released when a base dissociates in water.

Interpretation Introduction

(i)

Interpretation:

The difference between pH and pOH is to be stated.

Concept introduction:

The pH of a solution determines the strength of an acid and the pOH of a solution determines the strength of a base. The pH can be calculated by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions present in a solution. The pOH can be calculated by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions present in a solution.

Answer to Problem 63E

The difference between pH and pOH is that pH is obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions and pOH is obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in solution.

Explanation of Solution

The strength of an acid or a base can be determined by knowing the pH or pOH of a solution respectively. The value obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the $\left[{\text{H}}^{\text{+}}\right]$ present in a solution is known as pH of the solution. The value obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the $\left[{\text{OH}}^{-}\right]$ present in a solution is known as pOH of the solution.

Conclusion

The value of pH is obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions and pOH is obtained by taking the negative logarithm of the concentration of ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in solution.